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Development of Genomic Array Footprinting for Identification of Conditionally Essential Genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae ^,

Jetta J. E. Bijlsma,^1, Peter Burghout,^2, Tomas G. Kloosterman,^1, Hester J. Bootsma,^2, Anne de Jong,¹ Peter W. M. Hermans,² and Oscar P. Kuipers^1*

Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands,¹ Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands²

Received 9 August 2006/ Accepted 30 December 2006

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of serious infections such as pneumonia and meningitis in both children and adults worldwide. Here, we describe the development of a high-throughput, genome-wide technique, genomic array footprinting (GAF), for the identification of genes essential for this bacterium at various stages during infection. GAF enables negative screens by means of a combination of transposon mutagenesis and microarray technology for the detection of transposon insertion sites. We tested several methods for the identification of transposon insertion sites and found that amplification of DNA adjacent to the insertion site by PCR resulted in nonreproducible results, even when combined with an adapter. However, restriction of genomic DNA followed directly by in vitro transcription circumvented these problems. Analysis of parallel reactions generated with this method on a large mariner transposon library showed that it was highly reproducible and correctly identified essential genes. Comparison of a mariner library to one generated with the in vivo transposition plasmid pGh:ISS1 showed that both have an equal degree of saturation but that 9% of the genome is preferentially mutated by either one. The usefulness of GAF was demonstrated in a screen for genes essential for surviving zinc stress. This identified a gene encoding a putative cation efflux transporter, and its deletion resulted in an inability to grow under high-zinc conditions. In conclusion, we developed a fast, versatile, specific, and high-throughput method for the identification of conditionally essential genes in S. pneumoniae.

Published ahead of print on 19 January 2007.

Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

These authors contributed equally to the work described in this paper.

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