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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, March 2007, p. 1797-1802, Vol. 73, No. 6
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02426-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Adaptation of Pseudomonas sp. Strain 7-6 to Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Their Degradation via Dual Pathways{triangledown}

Shinji Takenaka,1 Takashi Tonoki,2 Kazuya Taira,2 Shuichiro Murakami,1 and Kenji Aoki1*

Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan,1 Division of Biosystem Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan2

Received 15 October 2006/ Accepted 9 January 2007

Pseudomonas sp. strain 7-6, isolated from active sludge obtained from a wastewater facility, utilized a quaternary ammonium surfactant, n-dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), as its sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. When initially grown in the presence of 10 mM DTAC medium, the isolate was unable to degrade DTAC. The strain was cultivated in gradually increasing concentrations of the surfactant until continuous exposure led to high tolerance and biodegradation of the compound. Based on the identification of five metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, two possible pathways for DTAC metabolism were proposed. In pathway 1, DTAC is converted to lauric acid via n-dodecanal with the release of trimethylamine; in pathway 2, DTAC is converted to lauric acid via n-dodecyldimethylamine and then n-dodecanal with the release of dimethylamine. Among the identified metabolites, the strain precultivated on DTAC medium could utilize n-dodecanal and lauric acid as sole carbon sources and trimethylamine and dimethylamine as sole nitrogen sources, but it could not efficiently utilize n-dodecyldimethylamine. These results indicated pathway 1 is the main pathway for the degradation of DTAC.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada-ku, Kobe, Japan. Phone: 81 78 803 5891. Fax: 81 78 882 0481. E-mail: kaoki{at}kobe-u.ac.jp.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 19 January 2007.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, March 2007, p. 1797-1802, Vol. 73, No. 6
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02426-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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