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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2007, p. 2093-2100, Vol. 73, No. 7
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02622-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Diversity, Activity, and Abundance of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Saline and Hypersaline Soda Lakes{triangledown}

Mirjam Foti,1 Dimitry Y. Sorokin,1,2 Bart Lomans,3 Marc Mussman,4 Elena E. Zacharova,2 Nikolay V. Pimenov,2 J. Gijs Kuenen,1 and Gerard Muyzer1*

Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands,1 Winogradsky Institute for Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,2 Department of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,3 Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany4

Received 9 November 2006/ Accepted 6 February 2007

Soda lakes are naturally occurring highly alkaline and saline environments. Although the sulfur cycle is one of the most active element cycles in these lakes, little is known about the sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In this study we investigated the diversity, activity, and abundance of SRB in sediment samples and enrichment cultures from a range of (hyper)saline soda lakes of the Kulunda Steppe in southeastern Siberia in Russia. For this purpose, a polyphasic approach was used, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of dsr gene fragments, sulfate reduction rate measurements, serial dilutions, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Comparative sequence analysis revealed the presence of several novel clusters of SRB, mostly affiliated with members of the order Desulfovibrionales and family Desulfobacteraceae. We detected sulfate reducers and observed substantial sulfate reducing rates (between 12 and 423 µmol/dm3 day–1) for most lakes, even at a salinity of 475 g/liter. Enrichments were obtained at salt saturating conditions (4 M Na+), using H2 or volatile fatty acids as electron donors, and an extremely halophilic SRB, strain ASO3-1, was isolated. Furthermore, a high dsr gene copy number of 108 cells per ml was detected in a hypersaline lake by qPCR. Our results indicate the presence of diverse and active SRB communities in these extreme ecosystems.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, The Netherlands. Phone: 31-15-2781193. Fax: 31-15-2782355. E-mail: g.muyzer{at}tudelft.nl.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 16 February 2007.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2007, p. 2093-2100, Vol. 73, No. 7
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02622-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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