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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2007, p. 2561-2570, Vol. 73, No. 8
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02720-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Gene Expression and Biochemical Analysis of Cheese-Ripening Yeasts: Focus on Catabolism of L-Methionine, Lactate, and Lactose{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Orianne Cholet,1 Alain Hénaut,3 Serge Casaregola,2 and Pascal Bonnarme1*

UMR 782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires,1 UMR1238 Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire, INRA, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France,2 Laboratoire Génome et Informatique, UMR 8116, Tour Evry 2, F-91034 Evry, France3

Received 21 November 2006/ Accepted 8 February 2007

DNA microarrays of 86 genes from the yeasts Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Yarrowia lipolytica were developed to determine which genes were expressed in a medium mimicking a cheese-ripening environment. These genes were selected for potential involvement in lactose/lactate catabolism and the biosynthesis of sulfur-flavored compounds. Hybridization conditions to follow specifically the expression of homologous genes belonging to different species were set up. The microarray was first validated on pure cultures of each yeast; no interspecies cross-hybridization was observed. Expression patterns of targeted genes were studied in pure cultures of each yeast, as well as in coculture, and compared to biochemical data. As expected, a high expression of the LAC genes of K. marxianus was observed. This is a yeast that efficiently degrades lactose. Several lactate dehydrogenase-encoding genes were also expressed essentially in D. hansenii and K. marxianus, which are two efficient deacidifying yeasts in cheese ripening. A set of genes possibly involved in L-methionine catabolism was also used on the array. Y. lipolytica, which efficiently assimilates L-methionine, also exhibited a high expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae orthologs BAT2 and ARO8, which are involved in the L-methionine degradation pathway. Our data provide the first evidence that the use of a multispecies microarray could be a powerful tool to investigate targeted metabolism and possible metabolic interactions between species within microbial cocultures.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: UMR 782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, INRA, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France. Phone: 33 1 30 81 53 88. Fax: 33 1 30 81 55 97. E-mail: bonnarme{at}grignon.inra.fr

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 16 February 2007.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2007, p. 2561-2570, Vol. 73, No. 8
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02720-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Mansour, S., Bailly, J., Landaud, S., Monnet, C., Sarthou, A. S., Cocaign-Bousquet, M., Leroy, S., Irlinger, F., Bonnarme, P. (2009). Investigation of Associations of Yarrowia lipolytica, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Lactococcus lactis in Culture as a First Step in Microbial Interaction Analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 6422-6430 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mansour, S., Beckerich, J. M., Bonnarme, P. (2008). Lactate and Amino Acid Catabolism in the Cheese-Ripening Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 6505-6512 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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