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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2007, p. 3049-3060, Vol. 73, No. 9
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02754-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Transcriptional Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Different Nitrogen Concentrations during Alcoholic Fermentation{triangledown} ,{dagger}

A. Mendes-Ferreira,1,2 M. del Olmo,2 J. García-Martínez,3 E. Jiménez-Martí,2 A. Mendes-Faia,1* J. E. Pérez-Ortín,2,3 and C. Leão4

Centro de Genética e Biotecnologia—IBB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal,1 Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, València, Spain,2 Servicio de Chips de DNA, Universitat de València, València, Spain,3 Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e Saúde (ICVS), Escola de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal4

Received 24 November 2006/ Accepted 21 February 2007

Gene expression profiles of a wine strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae PYCC4072 were monitored during alcoholic fermentations with three different nitrogen supplies: (i) control fermentation (with enough nitrogen to complete sugar fermentation), (ii) nitrogen-limiting fermentation, and (iii) the addition of nitrogen to the nitrogen-limiting fermentation (refed fermentation). Approximately 70% of the yeast transcriptome was altered in at least one of the fermentation stages studied, revealing the continuous adjustment of yeast cells to stressful conditions. Nitrogen concentration had a decisive effect on gene expression during fermentation. The largest changes in transcription profiles were observed when the early time points of the N-limiting and control fermentations were compared. Despite the high levels of glucose present in the media, the early responses of yeast cells to low nitrogen were characterized by the induction of genes involved in oxidative glucose metabolism, including a significant number of mitochondrial associated genes resembling the yeast cell response to glucose starvation. As the N-limiting fermentation progressed, a general downregulation of genes associated with catabolism was observed. Surprisingly, genes encoding ribosomal proteins and involved in ribosome biogenesis showed a slight increase during N starvation; besides, genes that comprise the RiBi regulon behaved distinctively under the different experimental conditions. Here, for the first time, the global response of nitrogen-depleted cells to nitrogen addition under enological conditions is described. An important gene expression reprogramming occurred after nitrogen addition; this reprogramming affected genes involved in glycolysis, thiamine metabolism, and energy pathways, which enabled the yeast strain to overcome the previous nitrogen starvation stress and restart alcoholic fermentation.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Centro de Genética e Biotecnologia—IBB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. Phone: 351 259350554. Fax: 351 259350480. E-mail: afaia{at}utad.pt

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 2 March 2007.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2007, p. 3049-3060, Vol. 73, No. 9
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02754-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Mendes-Ferreira, A., del Olmo, M., Garcia-Martinez, J., Jimenez-Marti, E., Leao, C., Mendes-Faia, A., Perez-Ortin, J. E. (2007). Saccharomyces cerevisiae Signature Genes for Predicting Nitrogen Deficiency during Alcoholic Fermentation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 5363-5369 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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