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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2008, p. 3977-3984, Vol. 74, No. 13
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02702-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Involvement of Fumarase C and NADH Oxidase in Metabolic Adaptation of Pseudomonas fluorescens Cells Evoked by Aluminum and Gallium Toxicity{triangledown}

Daniel Chenier,1 Robin Beriault,1 Ryan Mailloux,1 Mathurin Baquie,1 Gia Abramia,2 Joseph Lemire,1 and Vasu Appanna1*

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6,1 International Center for Environmental Research, 47 Kostaya Str., 380079 Tbilisi, Georgia2

Received 30 November 2007/ Accepted 30 April 2008

Iron (Fe) is a critical element in all aerobic organisms as it participates in a variety of metabolic networks. In this study, aluminum (Al) and gallium (Ga), two Fe mimetics, severely impeded the ability of the soil microbe Pseudomonas fluorescens to perform oxidative phosphorylation. This was achieved by disrupting the activity and expression of complexes I, II, and IV. These toxic metals also inactivated aconitase (ACN) and fumarase A (FUM A), two tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes dependent on Fe for their catalytic activity, while FUM C, an Fe-independent enzyme, displayed an increase in activity and expression under these stressed situations. Furthermore, in the Al- and Ga-exposed cells, the activity and expression of an H2O-forming NADH oxidase were markedly increased. The incubation of the Al- and Ga-challenged cells in an Fe-containing medium led to the recovery of the affected enzymatic activities. Taken together, these data provide novel insights into how environmental pollutants such as Al and Ga interfere with cellular Fe metabolism and also illustrate the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens to modulate metabolic networks to combat this situation.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6. Phone: (705) 675-1151, ext. 2112. Fax: (705) 675-4844. E-mail: vappanna{at}laurentian.ca

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 9 May 2008.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2008, p. 3977-3984, Vol. 74, No. 13
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02702-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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