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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2008, p. 4610-4625, Vol. 74, No. 15
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00054-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Analysis of the Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323 Reveals the Molecular Basis of an Autochthonous Intestinal Organism{triangledown} ,{dagger}

M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril,1 Eric Altermann,1,{ddagger} Yong Jun Goh,1 Richard Tallon,1 Rosemary B. Sanozky-Dawes,1 Erika A. Pfeiler,1,2 Sarah O'Flaherty,1 B. Logan Buck,1,§ Alleson Dobson,1,|| Tri Duong,1,# Michael J. Miller,1,{dagger}{dagger} Rodolphe Barrangou,1,{ddagger}{ddagger} and Todd R. Klaenhammer1*

Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences and Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695,1 Genomics Sciences Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 276952

Received 7 January 2008/ Accepted 29 February 2008

This study presents the complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323, a neotype strain of human origin and a native species found commonly in the gastrointestinal tracts of neonates and adults. The plasmid-free genome was 1,894,360 bp in size and predicted to encode 1,810 genes. The GC content was 35.3%, similar to the GC content of its closest relatives, L. johnsonii NCC 533 (34%) and L. acidophilus NCFM (34%). Two identical copies of the prophage LgaI (40,086 bp), of the Sfi11-like Siphoviridae phage family, were integrated tandomly in the chromosome. A number of unique features were identified in the genome of L. gasseri that were likely acquired by horizontal gene transfer and may contribute to the survival of this bacterium in its ecological niche. L. gasseri encodes two restriction and modification systems, which may limit bacteriophage infection. L. gasseri also encodes an operon for production of heteropolysaccharides of high complexity. A unique alternative sigma factor was present similar to that of B. caccae ATCC 43185, a bacterial species isolated from human feces. In addition, L. gasseri encoded the highest number of putative mucus-binding proteins (14) among lactobacilli sequenced to date. Selected phenotypic characteristics that were compared between ATCC 33323 and other human L. gasseri strains included carbohydrate fermentation patterns, growth and survival in bile, oxalate degradation, and adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells, in vitro. The results from this study indicated high intraspecies variability from a genome encoding traits important for survival and retention in the gastrointestinal tract.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695. Phone: (919) 515-2972. Fax: (919) 513-0014. E-mail: klaenhammer{at}ncsu.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 6 June 2008.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

{ddagger} Present address: AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand.

§ Present address: 575 Little Creek Rd., Banner Elk, NC 28604.

|| Present address: Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, and Department of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.

# Present address: School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164.

{dagger}{dagger} Present address: Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.

{ddagger}{ddagger} Present address: Danisco USA, Inc., 3329 Agriculture Drive, Madison, WI 53716.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2008, p. 4610-4625, Vol. 74, No. 15
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00054-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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