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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2008, p. 352-358, Vol. 74, No. 2
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01708-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Degradation of Bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Methane (Bisphenol F) by Sphingobium yanoikuyae Strain FM-2 Isolated from River Water{triangledown}

Daisuke Inoue,1 Shoji Hara,1 Mari Kashihara,1 Yusaku Murai,1 Erica Danzl,1 Kazunari Sei,1 Shinji Tsunoi,2 Masanori Fujita,1,3 and Michihiko Ike1*

Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,1 Research Center for Environmental Preservation, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,2 Kochi National College of Technology, 200-1 Monobe Otsu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8508, Japan3

Received 25 July 2007/ Accepted 6 November 2007

Three bacteria capable of utilizing bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F [BPF]) as the sole carbon source were isolated from river water, and they all belonged to the family Sphingomonadaceae. One of the isolates, designated Sphingobium yanoikuyae strain FM-2, at an initial cell density of 0.01 (optical density at 600 nm) completely degraded 0.5 mM BPF within 9 h without any lag period under inductive conditions. Degradation assays of various bisphenols revealed that the BPF-metabolizing system of strain FM-2 was effective only on the limited range of bisphenols consisting of two phenolic rings joined together through a bridging carbon without any methyl substitution on the rings or on the bridging structure. A BPF biodegradation pathway was proposed on the basis of metabolite production patterns and identification of the metabolites. The initial step of BPF biodegradation involves hydroxylation of the bridging carbon to form bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanol, followed by oxidation to 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone. The 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone appears to be further oxidized by the Baeyer-Villiger reaction to 4-hydroxyphenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, which is then cleaved by oxidation to form 4-hydroxybenzoate and 1,4-hydroquinone. Both of the resultant simple aromatic compounds are mineralized.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Phone: 81-6-6879-7672. Fax: 81-6-6879-7675. E-mail: ike{at}see.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 16 November 2007.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2008, p. 352-358, Vol. 74, No. 2
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01708-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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