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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2008, p. 7227-7234, Vol. 74, No. 23
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01576-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Inferences about the Global Population Structures of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Sultan Tanriverdi ,1,§,{ddagger} Alex Grinberg,2,{ddagger} Rachel M. Chalmers,3 Paul R. Hunter,4 Zorana Petrovic,5 Donna E. Akiyoshi,1 Eric London,1 Linghui Zhang,1 Saul Tzipori,1 James K. Tumwine,6 and Giovanni Widmer1*

Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536,1 Massey University, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Palmerston North, New Zealand,2 United Kingdom Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, NPHS Microbiology Swansea, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom,3 School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom,4 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,5 Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University Medical School and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda6

Received 10 July 2008/ Accepted 24 September 2008

Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are two related species of apicomplexan protozoa responsible for the majority of human cases of cryptosporidiosis. In spite of their considerable public health impact, little is known about the population structures of these species. In this study, a battery of C. parvum and C. hominis isolates from seven countries was genotyped using a nine-locus DNA subtyping scheme. To assess the existence of geographical partitions, the multilocus genotype data were mined using a cluster analysis based on the nearest-neighbor principle. Within each country, the population genetic structures were explored by combining diversity statistical tests, linkage disequilibrium, and eBURST analysis. For both parasite species, a quasi-complete phylogenetic segregation was observed among the countries. Cluster analysis accurately identified recently introduced isolates. Rather than conforming to a strict paradigm of either a clonal or a panmictic population structure, data are consistent with a flexible reproductive strategy characterized by the cooccurrence of both propagation patterns. The relative contribution of each pattern appears to vary between the regions, perhaps dependent on the prevailing ecological determinants of transmission.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536. Phone: (508) 839-7944. Fax: (508) 839-7911. E-mail: giovanni.widmer{at}tufts.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 3 October 2008.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

§ Present address: IQuum Inc., 700 Nickerson Road, Marlborough, MA 01752.

{ddagger} S.T. and A.G. contributed equally to this work.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, December 2008, p. 7227-7234, Vol. 74, No. 23
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01576-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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