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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, November 2009, p. 6757-6763, Vol. 75, No. 21
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01583-09
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Prevalence of Cardinium Bacteria in Planthoppers and Spider Mites and Taxonomic Revision of "Candidatus Cardinium hertigii" Based on Detection of a New Cardinium Group from Biting Midges ^{, ,}

Yuki Nakamura,^1,2 Sawako Kawai,¹ Fumiko Yukuhiro,¹ Saiko Ito,³ Tetsuo Gotoh,³ Ryoiti Kisimoto,⁴ Tohru Yanase,⁵ Yukiko Matsumoto,¹ Daisuke Kageyama,¹ and Hiroaki Noda^1,2*

National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan,¹ Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan,² Faculty of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0393, Japan,³ Kohinata, 1-7-10, Satte, Saitama 340-0164, Japan,⁴ and Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, Kagoshima, Japan⁵

Received 5 July 2009/ Accepted 28 August 2009

Cardinium bacteria, members of the phylum Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB), are intracellular bacteria in arthropods that are capable of inducing reproductive abnormalities in their hosts, which include parasitic wasps, mites, and spiders. A high frequency of Cardinium infection was detected in planthoppers (27 out of 57 species were infected). A high frequency of Cardinium infection was also found in spider mites (9 out of 22 species were infected). Frequencies of double infection by Cardinium and Wolbachia bacteria (Alphaproteobacteria capable of manipulating reproduction of their hosts) were disproportionately high in planthoppers but not in spider mites. A new group of bacteria, phylogenetically closely related to but distinct from previously described Cardinium bacteria (based on 16S rRNA and gyrB genes) was found in 4 out of 25 species of Culicoides biting midges. These bacteria possessed a microfilament-like structure that is a morphological feature previously found in Cardinium and Paenicardinium. The bacteria close to the genus Cardinium consist of at least three groups, A, B, and C. Group A is present in various species of arthropods and was previously referred to as "Candidatus Cardinium hertigii," group B is present in plant parasitic nematodes and was previously referred to as "Candidatus Paenicardinium endonii," and group C is present in Culicoides biting midges. On the basis of morphological and molecular data, we propose that the nomenclature of these three groups be integrated into a single species, "Candidatus Cardinium hertigii."

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Owashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan. Phone and fax: (81) 29-838-6109. E-mail: hnada{at}affrc.go.jp

Published ahead of print on 4 September 2009.

Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, November 2009, p. 6757-6763, Vol. 75, No. 21
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01583-09
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.