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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2009, p. 811-822, Vol. 75, No. 3
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01982-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Genome Analysis of the Meat Starter Culture Bacterium Staphylococcus carnosus TM300{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Ralf Rosenstein,1* Christiane Nerz,1 Lalitha Biswas,1 Alexandra Resch,1 Guenter Raddatz,2 Stephan C. Schuster,3 and Friedrich Götz1

Mikrobielle Genetik, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Waldhäuser Str. 70/8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany,1 Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Spemannstr. 34, 72076 Tübingen, Germany,2 Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 168023

Received 26 August 2008/ Accepted 23 November 2008

The Staphylococcus carnosus genome has the highest GC content of all sequenced staphylococcal genomes, with 34.6%, and therefore represents a species that is set apart from S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus, and S. haemolyticus. With only 2.56 Mbp, the genome belongs to a family of smaller staphylococcal genomes, and the ori and ter regions are asymmetrically arranged with the replichores I (1.05 Mbp) and II (1.5 Mbp). The events leading up to this asymmetry probably occurred not that long ago in evolution, as there was not enough time to approach the natural tendency of a physical balance. Unlike the genomes of pathogenic species, the TM300 genome does not contain mobile elements such as plasmids, insertion sequences, transposons, or STAR elements; also, the number of repeat sequences is markedly decreased, suggesting a comparatively high stability of the genome. While most S. aureus genomes contain several prophages and genomic islands, the TM300 genome contains only one prophage, {Phi}TM300, and one genomic island, {nu}SCA1, which is characterized by a mosaic structure mainly composed of species-specific genes. Most of the metabolic core pathways are present in the genome. Some open reading frames are truncated, which reflects the nutrient-rich environment of the meat starter culture, making some functions dispensable. The genome is well equipped with all functions necessary for the starter culture, such as nitrate/nitrite reduction, various sugar degradation pathways, two catalases, and nine osmoprotection systems. The genome lacks most of the toxins typical of S. aureus as well as genes involved in biofilm formation, underscoring the nonpathogenic status.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Mikrobielle Genetik, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Waldhäuser Str. 70/8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Phone: 497071 2975938. Fax: 497071 295937. E-mail: ralf.rosenstein{at}uni-tuebingen.de

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 5 December 2008.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2009, p. 811-822, Vol. 75, No. 3
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01982-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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