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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2009, p. 1036-1043, Vol. 75, No. 4
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01109-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

How Diverse Is the Genus Wolbachia? Multiple-Gene Sequencing Reveals a Putatively New Wolbachia Supergroup Recovered from Spider Mites (Acari: Tetranychidae){triangledown} ,{dagger}

Vera I. D. Ros,1* Vicki M. Fleming,2,3 Edward J. Feil,2 and Johannes A. J. Breeuwer1

Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,1 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom,2 Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom3

Received 14 May 2008/ Accepted 13 December 2008

At least 20% of all arthropods and some nematode species are infected with intracellular bacteria of the genus Wolbachia. This highly diverse genus has been subdivided into eight "supergroups" (A to H) on the basis of nucleotide sequence data. Here, we report the discovery of a new Wolbachia supergroup recovered from the spider mite species Bryobia species V (Acari: Tetranychidae), based on the sequences of three protein-coding genes (ftsZ, gltA, and groEL) and the 16S rRNA gene. Other tetranychid mites possess supergroup B Wolbachia strains. The discovery of another Wolbachia supergroup expands the known diversity of Wolbachia and emphasizes the high variability of the genus. Our data also clarify the existing supergroup structure and highlight the use of multiple gene sequences for robust phylogenetic analysis. In addition to previous reports of recombination between the arthropod-infecting supergroups A and B, we provide evidence for recombination between the nematode-infecting supergroups C and D. Robust delineation of supergroups is essential for understanding the origin and spread of this common reproductive parasite and for unraveling mechanisms of host adaptation and manipulation across a wide range of hosts.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Leidy Laboratories 326, 433 South University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018. Phone: (215) 746-1732. Fax: (215) 898-8780. E-mail: veraros{at}sas.upenn.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 19 December 2008.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2009, p. 1036-1043, Vol. 75, No. 4
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01109-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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