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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, March 2009, p. 1525-1533, Vol. 75, No. 6
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0 doi:10.1128/AEM.02261-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
Bacteroidales Diversity in Ring-Billed Gulls (Laurus delawarensis) Residing at Lake Michigan Beaches
Sonja N. Jeter,1
Colleen M. McDermott,1
Patricia A. Bower,2
Julie L. Kinzelman,3
Melinda J. Bootsma,2
Giles W. Goetz,2 and
Sandra L. McLellan2*
Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin—Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901,1 Great Lakes WATER Institute, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204,2 Racine Health Department, Racine, Wisconsin 534033
Received 1 October 2008/ Accepted 8 January 2009
This study investigated the occurrence and diversity of Bacteroidales fecal bacteria in gulls residing in the Great Lakes region. Members of this bacterial order have been widely employed as human and bovine host-specific markers of fecal pollution; however, few studies have focused on gulls, which can be a major source of fecal indicator bacteria and pathogens at beaches. We found a low but consistent occurrence of Bacteroidales in gulls at five beaches in three different counties spanning the Wisconsin shoreline of Lake Michigan. The percentages of gulls positive for Bacteroidales were 4 to 8% at beaches in the southern part of the state and 8 to 50% at beaches in the north. Sequencing of 931 clones from seven gull Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene libraries revealed a large amount of diversity in both individual and pooled gull fecal samples. Two libraries constructed from pooled gull fecal samples (n = 5 and n = 6) did not have a greater richness of sequences than individual samples, suggesting that even within a single gull diversity is high and an extensive sequencing effort is needed to characterize the populations. Estimates of the numbers of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for the libraries obtained using different similarity levels revealed a large amount of microdiveristy with a limited number of OTUs at the 95% similarity level. Gull sequences were clustered by the beach from which they were collected, suggesting that there were geographic effects on the distribution of Bacteriodales. More than 53% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences from gulls at the southern beaches were associated with the family Porphyromonadaceae, primarily the genus Parabacteroides, whereas sequences from gulls at the northern beaches were comprised of Bacteroidaceae and Prevotellaceae sequences. Comparison of gull sequences with sequences from goose, canine, raccoon, and sewage sources revealed distinct clusters of closely related gull sequences; however, these sequences were widely dispersed across a dendrogram that included all other sources, including previously characterized gull Bacteroidales from other studies, suggesting that geographic influence or simply sample representation plays a greater role in the observed population structure than strictly the host gut environment.
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Great Lakes WATER Institute, 600 E. Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53204. Phone: (414) 382-1700. Fax: (414) 382-1705. E-mail: mclellan{at}uwm.edu
Published ahead of print on 16 January 2009.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, March 2009, p. 1525-1533, Vol. 75, No. 6
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0 doi:10.1128/AEM.02261-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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