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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2009, p. 1979-1989, Vol. 75, No. 7
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02489-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Selection of Sphingomonadaceae at the Base of Laccaria proxima and Russula exalbicans Fruiting Bodies{triangledown} ,{dagger}

F. G. Hidde Boersma, Jan A. Warmink, Fernando A. Andreote, and Jan Dirk van Elsas*

Department of Microbial Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9750 RA Haren, The Netherlands

Received 30 October 2008/ Accepted 22 January 2009

The dense hyphal network directly underneath the fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi might exert strong influences on the bacterial community of soil. Such fruiting bodies might serve as hot spots for bacterial activity, for instance by providing nutrients and colonization sites in soil. Here, we assessed the putative selection of specific members of the Sphingomonadaceae family at the bases of the fruiting bodies of the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria proxima and Russula exalbicans in comparison to the adjacent bulk soil. To do so, we used a previously designed Sphingomonadaceae-specific PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) system and complemented this with analyses of sequences from a Sphingomonadaceae-specific clone library. The analyses showed clear selective effects of the fruiting bodies of both fungi on the Sphingomonadaceae community structures. The effect was especially prevalent with R. exalbicans. Strikingly, similar fungi sampled approximately 100 m apart showed similar DGGE patterns, while corresponding bulk soil-derived patterns differed from each other. However, the mycospheres of L. proxima and R. exalbicans still revealed divergent community structures, indicating that different fungi select for different members of the Sphingomonadaceae family. Excision of specific bands from the DGGE patterns, as well as analyses of the clone libraries generated from both habitats, revealed fruiting body-specific Sphingomonadaceae types. It further showed that major groups from the mycospheres of R. exalbicans and L. proxima did not cluster with known bacteria from the database, indicating new groups within the family of Sphingomonadaceae present in these environments.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbial Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9750 RA Haren, The Netherlands. Phone: 31503632151. Fax: 31503632154. E-mail: j.d.van.elsas{at}rug.nl

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 30 January 2009.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2009, p. 1979-1989, Vol. 75, No. 7
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02489-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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