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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, November 1998, p. 4591-4595, Vol. 64, No. 11
Unité de Recherches de Biochimie et
Structure des Protéines, I.N.R.A., 78352 Jouy en Josas Cedex,
France
Received 6 February 1998/Accepted 19 June 1998
We sequenced the pepP gene of Lactococcus
lactis, which encodes an aminopeptidase P (PepP), and
demonstrated that the X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase PepX plays a
more important role than PepP in nitrogen nutrition. PepP shares
homology with methionine aminopeptidases and could play a role in the
maturation of nascent proteins.
The proteolytic system of lactic
acid bacteria is involved in two major events during the technological
use of the bacteria. First, it ensures the nitrogen nutrition in
hydrolyzing caseins (15). Second, during cheese ripening, it
contributes to the development of flavor by releasing free amino acids
which are precursors of aromatic compounds (42). In
addition, although it is poorly documented, the proteolytic system of
lactic acid bacteria is involved in more physiological and universal
functions such as protein turnover, protein maturation, signal peptide
processing, degradation of abnormal proteins, and inactivation of
regulatory proteins (17).
Since milk contains only small amounts of free amino acids and small
peptides, the optimal growth of lactococci in milk depends on the
hydrolysis of caseins. This is accomplished by the primary action of an
extracellular cell wall proteinase which hydrolyzes caseins into
oligopeptides. The oligopeptides are transported into bacteria, where
they are further hydrolyzed by intracellular peptidases
(15). The high proline content of caseins limits the
efficiency of the proteolytic system in releasing free amino acids.
Most of the peptidases with general specificity are indeed unable to
hydrolyze peptide bonds involving proline. Thus, the proline-specific
peptidases already identified in lactococci probably play a major role
in casein breakdown.
The X-prolyl dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (PepX; EC 3.4.14.5; able to
release X-Pro dipeptides from the N-terminal end of peptide chains) is
the most-studied proline-specific peptidase in lactococci. PepX of
Lactococcus lactis was purified and characterized (4, 14, 18, 41, 43, 46), and its gene was cloned and sequenced (23, 32). In addition to PepX, an aminopeptidase P (PepP; EC
3.4.11.9) was purified and characterized in L. lactis
(21, 24). This intracellular metalloenzyme releases
N-terminal amino acids when proline is in the penultimate position.
Moreover, it displays a specificity for X-Pro-Pro N termini, which
constitutes an original property since it is not found in other
aminopeptidases P already described.
According to their complementary specificities, PepP and PepX were
considered peptidases that are able to initiate the degradation of
proline-containing peptides in two different pathways (5), but their relative importance in this degradation remains unknown.
To evaluate the role of the two proline-specific aminopeptidases, PepP
and PepX, in nitrogen nutrition, we cloned and sequenced the
pepP gene and constructed mutants negative for PepP and PepX as well as a PepX The chromosomal gene pepP encodes an intracellular
aminopeptidase P.
We characterized the pepP gene
encoding the lactococcal aminopeptidase P in L. lactis
NCDO763 in a two-step procedure. First we identified the
pepP gene; then we sequenced it and its flanking sequences.
To identify the pepP gene, we purified PepP (21) and, after protein electrophoresis (16) and Western blotting (22), we determined its N-terminal sequence:
Met-Arg-Ile-Glu-Lys-Leu-Lys-Val-Lys-Met-Leu-Thr-Glu-Asn-Ile-Lys-Ser-Leu-Leu-Ile-Thr-Asp-Met-Lys-Asn-Ile-Phe-Tyr-Leu-Thr (model 477A; Applied Biosystems, San Jose, Calif.). From the N-terminal sequence of PepP, we amplified with degenerate oligonucleotides a DNA
fragment which was further cloned into pBluescript SK(+) (Table
1) and sequenced (373 DNA sequencer;
Applied Biosystems). From this fragment, a 1.63-kb DNA sequence
containing the whole pepP gene and two incomplete open
reading frames (ORF1 and ORF3) was amplified by inverse PCR and
sequenced. pepP encodes a protein with a molecular mass of
46 kDa, which is in accordance with the molecular mass of the purified
protein PepP. Moreover, the N-terminal sequence of the protein deduced
from the gene is identical to that sequenced from the protein, which
shows that PepP is not subjected to any maturation at its N-terminal
part. In addition, we did not find any typical hydrophobic sequence
encoding a putative signal sequence which confirmed the intracellular
location of PepP (21). A consensus ribosome-binding site
(19) was found 6 bp upstream of the ATG start codon of
pepP and was found to have a
0099-2240/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Genetic Characterization of pepP, Which
Encodes an Aminopeptidase P Whose Deficiency Does Not Affect
Lactococcus lactis Growth in Milk, Unlike Deficiency of
the X-Prolyl Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase
and
ABSTRACT
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-PepP double mutant. We
demonstrated that, unlike PepX, PepP did not play a major role in
nitrogen nutrition and probably had another specific function in bacteria.
G of 
13.8 kcal/mol. In the
whole nucleotide sequence, only one putative terminator structure was
found downstream of ORF1. Close to the latter and upstream of
pepP, a potential 10 extended promoter structure, fitting
rather well with that observed in Streptococcus pneumoniae
(37), was found. Another potential promoter was observed
upstream of ORF3. The absence of a putative terminator downstream of
pepP suggested that the gene encoding the aminopeptidase P
belongs to an operon. pepP was similarly amplified from
L. lactis NCDO763 and from L. lactis MG1363
(plasmid-free strain), which demonstrated its chromosome localization.
TABLE 1.
Bacterial strains and plasmids
PepP belongs to the methionine aminopeptidase family. In order to identify similar proteins, the EMBL, GenBank, and DDBJ databases were screened with the deduced ORF1, PepP, and ORF3 amino acid sequences. PepP displays a significant homology with other aminopeptidases P, prolidases, and methionine aminopeptidases, which all belong to the M24 family of metallopeptidases (35). The highest homologies were found with potential aminopeptidase P from Bacillus subtilis (44% identity) (28), Mycoplasma genitalium (32% identity) (10), and Haemophilus influenzae (31% identity) (9) and with prolidase from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis (33% identity) (40). The highest homology with methionine aminopeptidases was obtained with those from M. genitalium (10), Salmonella typhimurium (30), and B. subtilis (31) (24 to 25% identity). PepP also showed homologies with creatinase from Pseudomonas putida (31% identity) (7), which has been shown to have a tertiary fold similar to that of the methionine aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli (2), although it is neither a peptidase nor a metal-dependent enzyme. The Asp 210, Asp 221, His 281, Glu 315, and Glu 329 residues were identified as potential metal ligands of the PepP protein of L. lactis, and the sequences around them are well conserved (Fig. 1).
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especially M. genitalium, which possesses the smallest genome sequenced
(10)indicated that PepP could play a universal role in
bacteria. The presence, downstream of pepP, of a gene coding
for a protein homologous to an EF-P from E. coli
(1) suggested a possible role of PepP during protein
synthesis. Interestingly, in B. subtilis, the same organization was recently found: a gene encoding a protein 44% identical to PepP was followed by a gene encoding a protein 43% identical to the EF-P from E. coli (28).
PepP is widespread in L. lactis strains. Southern hybridization experiments under low-stringency conditions (20% formamide) (38) with a pepP probe revealed the presence of genes homologous to pepP in the seven lactococcal strains tested (L. lactis NCDO763, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363, Wg2, AM2, and E8, and L. lactis subsp. lactis CNRZ2118, of plant origin). However, no signal was visible for the other lactic acid bacteria tested: Streptococcus thermophilus CNRZ302, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ATCC 11842, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CNRZ62, Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ223, and Lactobacillus plantarum CNRZ1008.
Unlike PepX, PepP does not affect lactococcal growth in milk.
To investigate whether PepP is important and/or complementary to PepX
during growth of L. lactis, we constructed PepP, PepX, and a
double PepP-PepX-negative mutant (Table 1). The integration vectors
pTIL18B and pTIL102 were used to disrupt pepX and
pepP genes in the TIL46 strain, respectively (Fig.
2). The disruptions of pepP
and pepX were checked by Southern hybridization. The
analysis of the plasmid profile of all mutated strains confirmed their L. lactis TIL46 origin (data not shown). The levels of PepP
and PepX activities were measured in cell extracts of negative mutants and wild-type strains (50 mM TEA-HCl buffer, pH 7, 30°C). The increase in fluorescence (
ex = 320 nm, em = 417 nm) due to hydrolysis of Lys(Abz)-Pro-Pro-pNa (Bachem) by PepP
and the increase of absorbance (405 nm) due to hydrolysis of
Ala-Pro-pNa by PepX were totally lost in PepP- and PepX-negative
mutants, respectively. The maximal growth rates in M17 at 30°C,
assessed by spectrophotometric measurements at 450 nm (CERES900; BioTek
Instruments, Winooski, Vt.), were similar for the wild-type strain and
PepP- and/or PepX-negative mutants. The maximal growth rates in milk at
30°C, assessed by enumeration with a spiral system (model DS; Spiral
System, Cincinnati, Ohio), were 0.93 ± 0.09 h1 for
the wild type, 0.89 ± 0.07 for the PepP mutant,
0.70 ± 0.15 for the PepX mutant, and 0.68 ± 0.11 for the PepP-PepX mutant. We observed
that in milk the growth of the PepX-negative mutant was slightly but
clearly affected, as already observed by Mierau et al. (25).
In contrast, the PepP-negative mutant did not grow significantly slower
than the wild-type strain. This indicated that PepP did not play a
major role in the nitrogen nutrition of lactococci. This conclusion
challenges the model of prolyl peptide degradation proposed by Booth et
al. (5), who hypothesized that the X-Pro-Y-Z- peptides could
be hydrolyzed either by PepX or by PepP. The absence of any effect of
PepP deficiency both in the wild-type strain and in the PepX-negative
mutant indicated that PepP is not involved in the degradation of
casein-derived prolyl peptides during growth in milk. Consequently, we
postulated that PepP had another function in lactococci.
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PepP liberates N-terminal methionine. To investigate whether PepP is able to release the N-terminal methionine when proline is in the penultimate position, the peptides Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe (the best substrate among those previously tested [21]), Met-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe, and Met-Gly-Gly-Gly-Phe were synthesized (Applied Biosystems 432A synergy peptide synthesizer; Perkin-Elmer, San Jose, Calif.) and tested as substrates. They were incubated at 37°C in 50 mM TEA-HCl buffer (pH 7) (0.5 mM final concentration) with a partially purified fraction of aminopeptidase P (50% pure) containing none of the other already-characterized lactococcal peptidases. The release of Met from Met-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe was twofold faster than that of Arg from Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe, which demonstrated that Met-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe is a good substrate for PepP. The absence of hydrolysis of Met from Met-Gly-Gly-Gly-Phe confirmed the proline-specific property of PepP (21), as already shown with PepP from E. coli (44). Although the physiological role of N-terminal methionine hydrolysis from proteins is not completely understood, it is well established that the amino-terminal methionine is removed enzymatically after the initiation of the translation of intracellular proteins. Methionine is hydrolyzed by a methionine aminopeptidase (PepM), and the extent of methionine release depends on the nature of the second amino acid (13). PepM easily liberates methionine when a proline is in the penultimate position, but in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that a proline in the third position inhibits PepM activity (3, 13). PepP can help to increase the efficiency of release of the N-terminal methionine, as shown in in vivo experiments with PepP from E. coli (45). In an E. coli strain overproducing PepP and expressing human interleukin-6 (with a Met-Pro- N-terminal sequence), the rate of removal of the initial methionine is 99% compared to a rate of 85% in a strain in which the PepP is not overproduced. This observation demonstrated that the PepP could play a role in the maturation of nascent proteins. PepP never replaces PepM, since PepM is essential for bacterial cell growth (6, 26), but may play a role in the maturation of specific proteins.
Nucleotide sequence accession number. The GenBank, EMBL, and DDBJ nucleotide sequence accession number is Y08842.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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The work was supported by European Community grant BIO2-CT-94-6387 and contract ERBBIO4CT960016.
We thank Patricia Anglade for N-terminal protein sequencing, Christian Ouali for peptide synthesis, Vincent Juillard for his help and advice in the measurements of bacterial growth rates, and Pierre Renault, Françoise Rul, Emmanuelle Maguin, and Patrick Taillez for gifts of lactic acid bacterium DNA.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Unité de Recherches de Biochimie et Structure des Protéines, I.N.R.A., 78352 Jouy en Josas Cedex, France. Phone: 33.1.34.65.21.49. Fax: 33.1.34.65.21.63. E-mail: monnet{at}jouy.inra.fr.
Present address: University of Hokkaido, Laboratory of Dairy
Science, Kita-ku N9W9, 060 Sapporo, Japan.
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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, November 1998, p. 4591-4595, Vol. 64, No. 11
0099-2240/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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