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Previous Article | Next Article 
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 1999, p. 2901-2906, Vol. 65, No. 7
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Characterization and Identification of
Pediococcus Species Isolated from Forage Crops and Their
Application for Silage Preparation
Yimin
Cai,1,*
Sumio
Kumai,2
Masuhiro
Ogawa,3
Yoshimi
Benno,1 and
Takashi
Nakase1
Japan Collection of Microorganisms, The
Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako, Saitama
351-0198,1 College of Agriculture, Ehime
University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566,2 and
Kyusyu National Agricultural Experiment Station,
Nishigoshi, Kumamoto 861-1192,3 Japan
Received 16 October 1998/Accepted 7 April 1999
 |
ABSTRACT |
Pediococcus species isolated from forage crops were
characterized, and their application to silage preparation was studied. Most isolates were distributed on forage crops at low frequency. These
isolates could be divided into three (A, B, and C) groups by their
sugar fermentation patterns. Strains LA 3, LA 35, and LS 5 are
representative isolates from groups A, B, and C, respectively. Strains
LA 3 and LA 35 had intragroup DNA homology values above 93.6%, showing
that they belong to the species Pediococcus acidilactici. Strain LS 5 belonged to Pediococcus pentosaceus on the
basis of DNA-DNA relatedness. All three of these strains and strain SL 1 (Lactobacillus casei, isolated from a commercial
inoculant) were used as additives to alfalfa and Italian ryegrass
silage preparation at two temperatures (25 and 48°C). When stored at 25°C, all of the inoculated silages were well preserved and exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) reduced fermentation losses
compared to that of their control in alfalfa and Italian ryegrass
silages. When stored at 48°C, silages inoculated with strains LA 3 and LA 35 were also well preserved, with a significantly
(P < 0.05) lower pH, butyric acid and
ammonia-nitrogen content, gas production, and dry matter loss and
significantly (P < 0.05) higher lactate content than
the control, but silages inoculated with LS 5 and SL 1 were of poor
quality. P. acidilactici LA 3 and LA 35 are considered
suitable as potential silage inoculants.
| |
INTRODUCTION |
Pediococci are a major component of
the microbial flora which live in various types of forage crops; they
commonly grow with other plant-associated lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
during silage fermentation, and they may influence the fermentation
characteristics of silage. Therefore, Pediococcus species
and their effects on silage fermentation require further study.
However, the phenotypic procedures to assign isolates to known species
are difficult, because it is hard to differentiate readily between
species of pediococci (22). This is particularly true of
Pediococcus pentosaceus and Pediococcus
acidilactici (14, 30). There have been many studies
that report changes in numbers of epiphytic lactobacilli, enterococci,
and leuconostocs during silage fermentation, but the characterization
and identification of pediococci isolated from forage crops and their
effect on the silage fermentation have not been reported.
In the present study, the characterization of Pediococcus
species isolated from forage crops and their application to silage preparation were examined. In order to determine their taxonomic status, representative strains were also studied by 16S rRNA sequence analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization.
| |
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
Materials and strains studied.
Corn (Zea mays) at
ripe stage, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at dough stage,
alfalfa (Medicago sativa) at flowering stage, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) at heading stage, and guinea
grass (Panicum maximum) at flowering stage were obtained
from the National Grassland Research Institute (Nishinasuno, Tochigi, Japan).
Forage crops were chopped into 10-mm lengths, and three replicates of
the same forage crop were used for microbiological analysis. Samples
(10 g) were shaken well by hand with 90 ml of sterilized distilled
water, and 10
1 to 108 serial dilutions were
made in 0.85% sodium chloride solution. From each dilution, 0.05 ml of
suspension was spread on agar plates. LAB were counted on both plate
count agar (Nissui-Seiyaku Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) with bromocresol purple
(0.04 g/liter) and glucose, yeast extract, peptone, and
CaCO3 (GYP) agar after incubation in an anaerobic box
(TE-HER Hard Anaerobox model ANX-1; Hirosawa Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at
35°C for 2 to 3 days. The GYP medium contained 10.0 g of
glucose, 5.0 g of yeast extract, 5.0 g of peptone, 2.0 g
of sodium acetate, 0.25 g of Tween 80, 200 mg of
MgSO4 · 7H2O, 10 mg of
MnSO4 · 4H2O, 10 mg of
FeSO4 · 7H2O, 5.0 g of NaCl, 5 g of CaCO3, and 1,000 ml of distilled water and was
adjusted to pH 6.8. Approximately 20 colonies were isolated at random
from the agar plates. Each colony was purified twice by streaking on MRS agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.). LAB were detected by the
presence of a yellowish colony and a clear zone due to dissolving
CaCO3. Lactobacilli, pediococci, leuconostocs, and enterococci were counted after morphological observation and
determination of Gram staining, catalase reaction, spore formation,
nitrate reduction, and fermentation type (16). Aerobic
bacteria were counted on nutrient agar (Difco), and mold and yeasts
were counted on potato dextrose agar (Nissui-seiyaku). The agar plates
were incubated at 30°C for 2 to 4 days. Yeasts were distinguished
from mold or bacteria by colony appearance and observation of cell morphology. Colonies were counted as viable numbers of microorganisms (CFU g of fresh matter [FM]1).
Each colony of LAB was purified twice by streaking on MRS agar. The
pure cultures were grown on MRS agar at 30°C for 24 h, and the
colonies were collected with nutrient broth (Difco) containing 10%
dimethyl sulfoxide and stored as stock cultures at 
80°C for further
examination. The type strains of Pediococcus were obtained from the Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM), The Institute of
Physical and Chemical Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
Morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests.
Gram
stain, morphology, catalase activity, spore formation, motility,
nitrate reduction, and gas production from glucose were determined
according to methods for LAB described by Kozaki et al.
(16). Growth at different temperatures was observed in MRS broth after incubation at 10 and 15°C for 14 days and at 45 and 50°C for 7 days. Bile tolerance was determined in GYP broth
containing bile at 10, 20, 30, and 40%. Salt tolerance was determined
in MRS broth containing NaCl at 3.0 and 6.5%. Growth of LAB at pH 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 was determined in MRS broth after
incubation at 30°C for 7 days. Carbohydrate fermentation patterns
were tested in GYP basal medium (16) containing 1% (wt/vol)
carbohydrate. For tests of carbohydrate fermentation, the strains were
cultivated on liver broth (20) at 30°C for 24 h and
the broth was then diluted 10-fold with sterile saline solution.
Carbohydrate fermentation patterns were examined with a semiautomatic
system for bacterial identification as described by Benno
(2). The isomers of lactate formed from glucose were determined enzymatically with reagents obtained from Boehringer GmbH,
Mannheim, Germany.
16S rRNA sequencing.
The 16S rRNA sequence coding region was
amplified by PCR performed in a PCR ThermalCycler (Takara Shuzo Co.,
Ltd., Ohtsu, Japan) as described by Suzuki et al. (28). The
sequences of the PCR products were determined directly with a sequence
kit (ALFexpress AutoCycle; Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) with the prokaryotic 16S ribosomal DNA universal primers 27F
(5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and 1492R
(5'-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3') (28). Nucleotide
substitution rates (Knuc values) were calculated
(15), and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by the
neighbor-joining method (25). The topologies of trees were
evaluated by bootstrap analysis of the sequence data with CLUSTAL W
software based on 100 random resamplings (31). This sequence
was aligned with the following published sequences from DDBJ, GenBank,
and EMBL: Enterococcus faecalis JCM5803 (AB012212),
Enterococcus faecium JCM 5804 (AB012213), Enterococcus gallinarum (AF039898), Enterococcus
casseliflavus (AF039903), Lactobacillus casei JCM 1177 (D16553), Lactobacillus sake DSM 20017 (M58829),
Lactobacillus alimentarius DSM 20249 (58804),
Lactobacillus buchneri DSM 20057 (M58811),
Lactobacillus brevis NCDO 1749 (X61134), Lactobacillus
animalis NCD0 2425 (X61133), Lactobacillus aviarius DSM
20655 (M58808), Lactobacillus agilis DSM 20509 (M58803),
Lactobacillus bifermentans DSM 20003 (M58809),
Lactobacillus amylophilus DSM 20533 (M58806), Lactobacillus amylovorus DSM 20531 (M58805),
Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4365 (M58802),
Lactobacillus acetotolerans DSM 20749 (M58801),
Pediococcus dextrinicus JCM 5887 (D87679), Pediococcus
parvulus JCM 5889 (D88528), P. pentosaceus DSM 20336 (58834), P. acidilactici NCDO 2767 (X95976),
Pediococcus damnosus JCM 5886 (D87678), Aerococcus
urinaeequi IFO 12173 (D87677), Lactococcus
raffinolactis NCDO 617 (X54261), Lactococcus plantarum
NCDO 1869 (X54259), Lactococcus piscium (X53905), Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis NCDO 2118 (X54260), and Lactococcus garvieae NCDO 2156 (X54262).
Bacillus subtilis NCDO 1769 (X60646) was used as an outgroup organism.
DNA-DNA hybridization.
DNA was extracted from cells
harvested from MRS broth incubated for 8 h at 30°C and was
purified by the procedure of Saito and Miura (24). DNA base
composition was determined by the method of Tamaoka and Komagata
(29) with high-performance liquid chromatography following
enzymatic digestion of DNA to deoxyribonucleosides. The equimolar
mixture of four deoxyribonucleotides in a Yamasa GC kit (Yamasa Shoyu
Co., Ltd., Choshi, Japan) was used as the quantitative standard. The
DNA-DNA relatedness was determined by the method of Ezaki et al.
(11) with photobiotin and microplates.
Laboratory silage preparation and chemical analysis.
Alfalfa
and Italian ryegrass were harvested at the flowering stage. Silages
were prepared by using a small-scale system of silage fermentation
(4). The isolates and SL 1 (L. casei, isolated from a commercial inoculant [Snow Lact-L; Brand Seed Ltd., Sapporo, Japan]) were used. MRS broth was inoculated with these strains and
incubated overnight. After incubation, the optical density of the
suspension at 700 nm was adjusted to 0.42 with sterile 0.85% NaCl
solution. The inoculum size of LAB was 1 ml of microbial suspension per
kg of FM basis. Approximately 100-g portions of forage material,
chopped into about 20-mm lengths, were packed into plastic film bags
(Hiryu KN type; 180 by 260 cm; Asahikasei), and the bags were sealed
with a vacuum sealer (BH 950; Matsushita). The silage treatments were
designated untreated control, LA 3, LA 35, LS 5, and SL 1. The film bag
silos were kept at 25 and 48°C. Three silos per treatment were used
for chemical analysis.
The chemical compositions of the forage crops and silages were
determined by conventional methods (21). The dry-matter (DM) content of the fresh forage was determined by oven drying at 70°C for
48 h, whereas that of the silages was determined by the removal of
water by toluene distillation with ethanol correction (9). The organic acid contents were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (23). The content of ammonia-nitrogen and
lactic acid isomers was determined by enzymatic analysis according to the F-Kit UV method (Boehringer GmbH). Gas production and DM loss were
determined by a small-scale fermentation loss test for silage as
described by Cai et al. (4).
Statistical analysis.
Data on the chemical composition of
the 60-day silages were analyzed by analysis of variance, and the
significance of differences among means was tested by the multiple
range test (10).
| |
RESULTS |
Counts of microorganisms.
The counts of microorganisms in
fresh forage are shown in Fig. 1.
Overall, there were 106 aerobic bacteria; 104
to 105 enterococci, leuconostoc, mold, and yeast; and
103 and less lactobacilli and pediococci in each of the
four forage crops (counts are in CFU g of FM1).
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FIG. 1.
Microbiological analysis of fresh forage crops. The
values are means ± standard deviations of three samples.
 , lactobacilli;
 , leuconostocs;
 , enterococci;
 , pediococci;
 , aerobic bacteria;
 , mold and yeast.
|
|
Physiological and biochemical properties.
A total of 41 strains were isolated from the forage crops, these isolates were
gram-positive and catalase-negative tetrad cocci that did not produce
gas from glucose and formed approximately equal quantities of
L-(+)- and D-()-lactic acid. The carbohydrate fermentation patterns of Pediococcus species are shown in
Table 1. These strains were divided into
three groups on the basis of their carbohydrate fermentation patterns.
Strains LA 3, LA 35, and LS 5 are representative isolates from groups
A, B, and C, which were originally recovered from forage crops. Group A included 15 strains that produced acid from lactose and did not produce
acid from maltose. Group B included eight strains that did not produce
acid from lactose and produced acid from maltose. Group C was different
from the other groups which produced acid from trehalose and did not
produce acid from D-xylose. All of the isolates were easily
distinguished from the type strains of Pediococcus species.
The characteristics of strains LA 3, LA 35, LS 5, and L. casei SL 1 are shown in Table 2.
Strains LA 3, LA 35, and LS 5 were homofermentative gram-positive
tetrad cocci that formed L-(+)- and
D-()-lactic acid. Strains LA 3 and LA 35 grew under
low-pH (3.5) and high-temperature (50°C) conditions. Strain LS 5 did
not grow below pH 4.0 or above 45°C. Strain SL 1 was a
homofermentative Lactobacillus that formed lactic acid as an
L-(+) isomer and grew at pH 3.5 but did not grow above
45°C.
16S rRNA sequence.
More than 1,500 bases of 16S rRNA of LA 3, LA 35, and LS 5 were determined. The phylogenetic tree shown in Fig.
2 was constructed from evolutionary
distances by the neighbor-joining method. Following phylogenetic
analysis, representative strains LA 3, LA 35, and LS 5 were placed in
the cluster making up the genus Pediococcus. This cluster
was recovered in 100% of bootstrap analyses. P. acidilactici JCM 8797T and P. pentosaceus
JCM 5890T were the species most closely related to the
strains LA 3, LA 35, and LS 5 in the phylogenetic tree, and they showed
a high sequence homology value (>98%) with each other.
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FIG. 2.
Phylogenetic tree derived from 16S ribosomal DNA
sequence. The tree was created by the neighbor-joining method with
Knuc values. The numbers indicate bootstrap
values for the branch points.
|
|
DNA-DNA hybridization.
The results of DNA base composition and
DNA-DNA hybridization analyses are shown in Table
3. Representative strains LA 3 and LA 35 had a G+C content range of 40.5 to 41.0 mol%. Strain LS 5 had a G+C
content of 38.6 mol%. Strains LA 3 and LA 35 were 93.6 to 97.6%
homologous with their representative strains, showing that they
belonged to a single species which had the highest levels of DNA
relatedness (>91.8%) to the type strains of P. acidilactici. Strain LS 5 was 88.8 or 97.5% homologous with the
type strains of P. pentosaceus.
Silage quality and DM loss.
Silage quality and DM loss are
shown in Table 4. When stored at 25°C,
the alfalfa and Italian ryegrass silages that were treated with LA 3, LA 35, LS 5, and SL 1 were well preserved; the pH values, butyric acid,
propionic acid, and ammonia-nitrogen contents, gas production, and DM
loss were significantly (P < 0.05) lower and the
lactic acid contents were significantly (P < 0.05)
higher than those of the control. When stored at 48°C, silages
inoculated with LA 3 and LA 35 were also well preserved and had
significantly (P < 0.05) higher lactic acid contents
and significantly (P < 0.05) lower pH values and
butyric acid, propionic acid, and ammonia-nitrogen contents than the
control. However, in silages inoculated with LS 5 and SL 1, these
values were similar to those of the control in alfalfa and Italian
ryegrass silages. Compared with the control, silages inoculated with LA
3 and LA 35 had significantly (P < 0.05) reduced DM
loss and gas production, but silages inoculated with LS 5 and SL 1 resulted in similar levels of these contents in alfalfa and Italian
ryegrass silages.
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers.
The 16S rRNA sequences
of LA 3, LA 35, and LS 5 have been deposited in the DDBJ database under
accession no. AB018213, AB018214, and AB018215, respectively.
| |
DISCUSSION |
Pediococci are often found living in association with plant
material, dairy products, and foods produced by LAB (5, 12, 13,
17, 18), and several papers have reported pediococci as the
dominant microbial population on forage crops and silage. Some isolates
from forage crops and silage have been identified as P. acidilactici and P. pentosaceus (17, 18).
However, available phenotypic procedures to assign isolates to known
species are difficult because it is not easy to differentiate clearly
between species of pediococci (14, 22, 30). In the present
study, the isolates were gram-positive and catalase-negative tetrad
cocci that did not produce gas from glucose and formed approximately equal quantities of L-(+)- and D-()-lactic
acid. These properties show that these strains belong to the genus
Pediococcus. Strains in groups A, B, and C were different
from the type strains of P. acidilactici and P. pentosaceus in some carbohydrate fermentation patterns, such as
those of lactose, maltose, trehalose, and D-xylose, and
could not be identified to the species level on the basis of phenotypic characteristics.
The genetic interrelationships of members of the LAB have been studied
extensively in 16S rRNA sequence and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments,
and new genera and species have been added (3, 6-8). Recent
results have clearly indicated that the genera Pediococcus, Enterococcus, Leuconostoc, Weissella,
and Lactococcus exhibit a high degree of sequence similarity
to each other and form a phylogenetically coherent group that is
separate from other bacteria (3, 6, 8). In the present
study, the representative strains LA 3, LA 35, and LS 5 were placed in
the genus Pediococcus in the phylogenetic tree, confirming
that these strains belong to the genus Pediococcus and that
they are the species most closely related to P. acidilactici
and P. pentosaceus. The DNA-DNA hybridization results
demonstrated that strains LA 3 and LA 35 could be assigned to P. acidilactici, and LS 5 could be assigned to P. pentosaceus.
The addition of LAB inoculants at ensiling is intended to ensure rapid
and vigorous fermentation that results in faster accumulation of lactic
acid, lower pH values at earlier stages of ensiling, and inhibition of
growth of some pathogenic bacteria (19). Many studies
(19, 26, 27) have shown the advantage of such inoculants. Generally, moist dairy farm silage is based on a natural lactic acid
fermentation. The epiphytic LAB transform the water-soluble carbohydrates into organic acid in the ensiling process. As a result,
the pH is reduced and the forage is preserved (19). However,
LAB, especially lactobacilli, are present in forage in very low numbers
(5, 17, 18). When LAB fail to produce sufficient lactic acid
during fermentation to reduce the pH and inhibit the growth of
clostridia, the resulting silage will be of poor quality. As shown in
Fig. 1 and Table 4, low numbers of lactobacilli (<103 CFU
g of FM1) and high numbers of aerobic bacteria
(>105 CFU g of FM1) were present in the
material, and poor-quality silage resulted. The factors involved in
assessing fermentation quality include the chemical composition of the
silage material and the physiological properties of epiphytic bacteria.
Generally, alfalfa and Italian ryegrass have relatively low
water-soluble-carbohydrate content and low numbers of lactobacilli.
During silage fermentation, the lactobacilli could not produce
sufficient lactic acid to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, and
the resulting silage was of poor quality. Therefore, it is
necessary to use some bacterial inoculants to control microbes in
silage fermentation.
The changes in temperature during silage fermentation are well known.
Generally, fermentation heating in the silage was consistently correlated with microorganism development and plant respiration. The
temperature rises rapidly in the early stage of the ensiling processes
and reaches over 45°C (1). In addition, the growth of some
lactobacilli would be inhibited by the high-temperature conditions. In
our study, when stored at 25°C, silages inoculated with P. acidilactici LA 3 and LA 35, P. pentosaceus LS 5, and L. casei SL 1 were well preserved, with significantly
(P < 0.05) reduced fermentation loss compared with the
control in alfalfa and Italian ryegrass silages. The most plausible
explanation lies in the physiological properties of LAB. The strains LA
3, LA 35, LS 5, and SL 1 used in this study were homofermentative LAB
which grew well at 25°C and under low-pH (3.5) conditions. Therefore, inoculation with these LAB may result in beneficial effects by promoting the propagation of LAB and by inhibiting the growth of
clostridia and aerobic bacteria, as well as by decreasing the amount of
gas production and DM loss. On the other hand, when stored at 48°C,
silages inoculated with strains LA 3 and LA 35 were also well
preserved, with significantly (P < 0.05) lower pH,
butyric acid and ammonia-nitrogen content, gas production, and DM loss
and significantly (P < 0.05) higher lactate content than the control. However, silages inoculated with LS 5 and SL 1 were
of poor quality and were of quality similar to the control in the two
kinds of silage. These results reflect the observation that strains LA
3 and LA 35 could grow at 50°C but strains LS 5 and SL 1 did not grow
at that temperature and may die above 45°C. Therefore, during silage
fermentation, isolates LA 3 and LA 35 improved silage quality and
reduced fermentation loss at high temperatures while strains LS 5 and
SL 1 were unable to grow and ferment WSC to produce sufficient lactic
acid, resulting in the pH value of silage not falling to less than 4.2 and allowing butyric acid fermentation by clostridia to occur.
The results confirmed that P. acidilactici LA 3 and LA 35 were suitable as potential silage inoculants and that they were more
effective in improving silage quality than P. pentosaceus LS
5 and the L. casei inoculant strain SL-1 under
high-temperature (48°C) conditions.
| |
ACKNOWLEDGMENT |
We thank J. A. Hudson (Environmental Science and Research
Ltd., Christchurch Science Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand) for reading the manuscript.
| |
FOOTNOTES |
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Japan Collection
of Microorganisms, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. Phone: 81-48-467-9562. Fax: 81-48-462-4619. E-mail: cai{at}ulmus.riken.go.jp.
| |
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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 1999, p. 2901-2906, Vol. 65, No. 7
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Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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Abstract
Introduction
