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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2000, p. 297-303, Vol. 66, No. 1
Department of Microbiology, University of
Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand1; Department
of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu,2 and
Biotechnology Laboratory, REDEC of Kajaani, University of Oulu,
Sotkamo,4 Finland, and School of
Microbiology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima,
Thailand3
Received 27 July 1999/Accepted 28 October 1999
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of DNA fragments
obtained by PCR amplification of the V2-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene
was used to detect the presence of Lactobacillus species in
the stomach contents of mice. Lactobacillus isolates
cultured from human and porcine gastrointestinal samples were
identified to the species level by using a combination of DGGE and
species-specific PCR primers that targeted 16S-23S rRNA intergenic
spacer region or 16S rRNA gene sequences. The identifications obtained
by this approach were confirmed by sequencing the V2-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene and by a BLAST search of the GenBank database.
The gastrointestinal tracts of
animals, including humans, harbor complex microbial communities
comprised of possibly hundreds of bacterial species (13).
Members of the genus Lactobacillus are commonly present as
members of these communities and have received considerable attention
with respect to their putative health-conferring properties (as
probiotics [6]).
Analysis of gastrointestinal communities has relied traditionally on
bacteriological culture methods and microscopy. There is doubtless a
bias present in the results of these studies, however, because not all
of the members of the communities can be cultured (11). The
results of monitoring the composition of gastrointestinal communities
may be more reliable if molecular methods were used in addition to
traditional approaches (5, 16). Microbiological investigations of the compositions of terrestrial and aquatic microbial
communities have shown the versatility of denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis (DGGE) combined with PCR as a molecular analytical method (4, 10). In this technique, DNA is
extracted from cells of all of the species represented in the habitat
of interest, and a hypervariable sequence region of the 16S rRNA gene
is amplified by PCR. The mixture of 16S fragments is subjected to DGGE
in order to separate the fragments and thus obtain a profile of the
community. This profile is generated because of differences in the
chemical stability, and hence the distance into the gradient where
denaturation occurs and migration ceases, of the 16S fragments that
have different nucleotide base compositions (10). We have for many years maintained a mouse colony devoid of lactobacilli as
gastrointestinal inhabitants (14). They provided a suitable system with which to test the efficacy of PCR-DGGE as an analytical method in studies of the gastrointestinal microflora.
Even when they can be cultured reliably, gastrointestinal species of
bacteria can be difficult to identify. The identification of
Lactobacillus isolates by phenotypic methods is difficult
because it requires, in several cases, determination of bacterial
properties beyond that of the common fermentation tests (for example,
cell wall analysis and electrophoretic mobilities of lactate
dehydrogenase [8]). In general, about 17 phenotypic
tests are required to identify a Lactobacillus isolate
accurately to the species level (7). The logistics,
regardless of the doubtful accuracy of phenotypic identification
methods, are daunting when large-scale investigations of the intestinal
microflora are pursued. We reasoned that, since modern bacterial
classification is greatly influenced by knowledge of 16S rRNA gene
sequences, PCR-DGGE could provide a more practical approach to the
identification of lactobacilli.
We demonstrate here that addition of Lactobacillus species
to the stomach microflora of mice could be detected by PCR-DGGE analysis. Further, we demonstrate that Lactobacillus
isolates cultured from gastrointestinal samples obtained from humans
and pigs could be identified, or at least grouped, by PCR-DGGE. The species identities of the isolates were then further investigated with
species-specific PCR primers that targeted 16S-23S intergenic spacer
region or 16S rRNA gene sequences. These identifications were
subsequently confirmed by obtaining 16S rRNA gene sequences that were
compared to those in GenBank.
Bacterial cultures.
The lactobacilli used in this study are
listed in Table 1. The
bacteria were cultured with Lactobacilli MRS medium (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.) incubated under anaerobic conditions at
37°C. Thirty-six of the strains used in this study were unidentified isolates ("unknowns") originating in gastrointestinal samples (Table 1).
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Detection and Identification of Gastrointestinal
Lactobacillus Species by Using Denaturing Gradient Gel
Electrophoresis and Species-Specific PCR Primers
ABSTRACT
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
INTRODUCTION
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
TABLE 1.
Lactobacillus strains
Mouse experiments.
Lactobacillus-free mice were maintained
in isolators by gnotobiotic technology. The animals harbored a
microbial community in their gastrointestinal tracts equivalent to that
of conventional mice except that lactobacilli were absent
(14). To test the ability of PCR-DGGE to detect changes in
the microbial community of the murine stomach, we maintained a group of
five lactobacillus-free mice in an isolator. At day 0, we removed one
of the mice (mouse 1) as a control. Then we inoculated the remainder of
the animals, by mouth, with a culture of strain 100-23. Four days
later, we removed one of the mice (mouse 2) and inoculated the
remainder with Lactobacillus sp. strain 100-5. Then 4 days
later, we removed another mouse (mouse 3) and inoculated the remaining
mice with Lactobacillus sp. strain 21. Another mouse (mouse
4) was removed at day 12, and the remaining animal (mouse 5) was
inoculated with strain 20 and examined 4 days later. Upon removal from
the isolator, the mice were killed by carbon dioxide anesthesia and
cervical dislocation, the stomach was removed from each mouse, and the stomach contents were retained and stored at 
20°C. To extract bacterial DNA, the stomach contents were homogenized in 1 ml of TN150
buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl [pH 8]) and centrifuged at
14,600 × g for 5 min (5°C). DNA was extracted from
the resulting pellet with a FastDNA kit (Bio 101, Vista, Calif.) by
using CLS-TC (cell lysis solution for animal tissues and bacteria) and
a 1/4-in. sphere plus garnet matrix (see the kit data sheet) according
to the manufacturer's instructions.
Extraction of DNA from Lactobacillus cultures.
Growth from pure cultures on Lactobacilli MRS agar plates was used to
prepare a heavy suspension of cells in 1 ml of sterile deionized water.
The suspensions were centrifuged at 14,600 × g (3 min,
5°C) and washed with 1 ml of TN150 buffer. The pellets were
resuspended in 1 ml of TN150 buffer and transferred to sterile tubes
containing 0.3 g of sterile zirconium beads (diameter, 0.1 mm).
The tubes were placed in a mini-bead beater (Biospec Products, Bartlesville, Okla.), shaken at 5,000 rpm for 3 min, and then stored on
ice. Five hundred microliters of this crude DNA solution was extracted
sequentially with 500 µl of TE (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA [pH
8.5])-saturated phenol and with chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1). The
DNA was precipitated overnight by the addition of 2 volumes of cold
ethanol and a 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate at 20°C. The
preparations were centrifuged at 14,600 × g (20 min,
5°C) and the pellets were dried at 37°C. The pellets were then
dissolved in 500 µl of TE buffer (pH 8.5), and 25 µl of DNase-free RNase (2 mg/ml) was added. After incubation at 37°C for 1 h, the phenol-chloroform extraction, precipitation, and drying steps were
repeated, and the DNA was dissolved in 20 µl of TE buffer (pH 7.5).
The amount of DNA per microliter was measured by spectrophotometry.
Amplification of the DNA target sequence for DGGE. The V2-V3 region of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene (position 339 to 539 in the Escherichia coli gene) of bacteria in the stomach contents or from pure cultures of lactobacilli was amplified with primers HDA1-GC (CGC CCG GGG CGC GCC CCG GGC GGG GCG GGG GCA CGG GGG GAC TCC TAC GGG AGG CAG CAG T-3'; the GC clamp is in boldface) and HDA2 (5'-GTA TTA CCG CGG CTG CTG GCA C-3'). The HDA primers were originally described by Turner and colleagues (S. J. Turner, G. D. Lewis, D. J. Saul, C. S. Baker, and A. G. Rodrigo, New Zealand Microbiol. Soc. Ann. Meet., poster paper, 1998). PCR was performed in 0.2-ml tubes in a PCR Express thermal cycler (Hybaid, Teddington, United Kingdom). For the amplification of the target sequence from DNA extracted from pure cultures, the reaction mixture (50 µl) consisted of reaction buffer (final concentrations, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2, and 50 mM KCl [pH 8.3]), a 200 µM concentration of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 20 pmol of each primer, 500 ng of bacterial DNA, and 2.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany). The amplification program was 94°C for 4 min; 30 cycles of 94°C for 30 s, 56°C for 30 s, and 68°C for 60 s; and finally 68°C for 7 min. PCR amplifications from DNA extracted from the stomach contents were carried out with the Expand high-fidelity PCR system (Boehringer Mannheim) or Taq polymerase as described above, but the reaction mixture (50µl) contained 1 µl of DNA solution. The amplification program was 93°C for 2 min and 30 cycles of 93°C for 30 s, 57°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s, followed by 2 min at 72°C.
Lactobacillus identification ladder. An identification ladder containing 16S V2-V3 region sequences of 19 Lactobacillus reference strains was prepared. The sequences were obtained by PCR from individual pure cultures of the reference strains. The PCR products were then mixed to obtain the identification ladder. It was possible to generate further supplies of the ladder by PCR with the V2-V3 primers and 1 µl of mixture as the template, in the presence of 2.5 mM MgCl2.
DGGE. DGGE was performed with a DCode universal mutation detection system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.) utilizing 16-cm by 16-cm by 1-mm gels. Eight percent polyacrylamide gels were prepared and run with 1× TAE buffer diluted from 50× TAE buffer (2 M Tris base, 1 M glacial acetic acid, and 50 mM EDTA). The denaturing gradient was formed with two 8% acrylamide (acrylamide-bis, 37.5:1) stock solutions (Bio-Rad). The gels contained a 30 to 50% gradient of urea and formamide increasing in the direction of electrophoresis. A 100% denaturing solution contained 40% (vol/vol) formamide and 7.0 M urea. The electrophoresis was conducted with a constant voltage of 130 V at 60°C for about 4 h 30 min. The run was stopped when a xylene cyanol dye marker reached the bottom of the gel. Gels were stained with ethidium bromide solution (5 µg/ml; 20 min), washed with deionized water, and viewed by UV transillumination.
Species-specific primers.
The 11 species-specific primer
pairs that we derived were based on the 16S rRNA gene or the 16S-23S
rRNA intergenic spacer region (Table 2).
A reaction mixture (25 µl) consisted of reaction buffer (10 mM
Tris-HCl [final concentration], a variable MgCl2 concentration [Table 2], and 50 mM KCl [pH 8.3]), a 200 µM
concentration of each deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 10 pmol of each
primer, 50 ng of bacterial DNA (extracted from pure cultures as
described above), and 1.75 U of Taq DNA polymerase
(Boehringer Mannheim). The amplification program was 92°C for 2 min,
followed by 30 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 30 s at the
appropriate annealing temperature (Table 2), and 72°C for 30 s.
A cycle of 72°C for 1 min concluded the program. Amplification
products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis (5 µl of PCR
mixture, 2% agarose gel), ethidium bromide staining, and UV
transillumination.
|
Amplification and sequencing of the 16S V2-V3 region. To confirm the identification of the gastrointestinal lactobacilli examined by using DGGE and species-specific primers, we amplified and sequenced (one polynucleotide strand only) the V2-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene of each isolate and conducted a search of sequences deposited in the GenBank DNA database by using the BLAST algorithm (1). The identities of the isolates were determined on the basis of highest score. Amplification of the V2-V3 region was accomplished with primers HDA1 (lacking the GC clamp) and HDA2 and the same thermal cycler program as described above for DGGE. Sequencing was carried out by the Centre for Gene Research, University of Otago, by the dideoxy method of Sanger et al. (12) by using the PRISM BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.) in combination with an Applied Biosystems model 377A automated sequencing system. Analysis of nucleotide sequence data was carried out by using the SeqEd program, version 1.0.3 (Applied Biosystems Inc.).
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RESULTS |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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DGGE detection of Lactobacillus populations in mouse stomach contents. Comparison of the 16S V2-V3 rDNA profiles obtained from murine stomach contents showed that this method could detect changes in the microbial community, in this case the intentional addition of lactobacilli (Fig. 1). Multiple DNA fragments were present in the profiles, even from the stomach contents of mouse 1 (Fig. 1, lane 2). These fragments probably represent either fecal bacteria present in the stomach contents of these coprophagous animals or bacterial species not detected previously by culture methods in the stomachs of mice. Inoculation of the mice with Lactobacillus strains 100-23 and 20 led to the appearance of a new 16S fragment in the profiles of samples from mice 2, 3, 4, and 5 (fragment b in Fig. 1, lanes 3, 4, 5, and 6). This fragment migrates to the same position as the 16S V2-V3 fragment obtained from pure cultures of strains 100-23 and 20 (lanes 8 and 11). It also coincides with the 16S fragment generated from Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016T (fragment b in Fig. 1, lanes 1, 7, and 12). Similarly, inoculation of the mice with Lactobacillus strains 100-5 and 21 resulted in their detection in the stomach contents of animals 4 and 5 (fragment a in Fig. 1, lanes 5 and 6). A faint band at this location was also present in the preparation from mouse 3, but it is not visible in Fig. 1 (lane 4). The 16S fragments of these strains (fragment a in Fig. 1, lanes 9 and 10) coincide with that of Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 14931T (fragment a in Fig. 1, lanes 1, 7, and 12).
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Identification ladder for lactobacilli. It was possible to at least group the Lactobacillus reference strains according to the migration of their 16S V2-V3 regions in a denaturing gradient gel (Fig. 2). Thus, the fragments from Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus gasseri migrated the same distance in the gel (Fig. 2, lanes 2 and 3). DNA fragments from Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, and Lactobacillus crispatus (not shown in Fig. 2) had similar migration distances (Fig. 2, lanes 8 and 9), as did those of Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius and Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salicinius (Fig. 2, lanes 11 and 12). The fragments from Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus casei/L. zeae, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Fig. 2, lanes 15, 16, and 17) and L. paracasei (not shown in Fig. 2) migrated the same distance in the gel. Fragments from Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus sharpeae had almost identical migration properties (Fig. 2, lanes 6 and 7). DNA fragments from the remaining seven reference strains that we tested could be distinguished individually by DGGE (Fig. 2).
|
Identification of unknowns by DGGE. Migration distances of 16S V2-V3 fragments obtained from unidentified isolates of lactobacilli were compared to those of reference strains in the identification ladder. Such comparisons enabled the unknowns to at least be placed in a Lactobacillus group, if not identified to the species level (examples are shown in Fig. 3; results are in Table 1).
|
Identification of unknowns by species-specific primers.
Our
strategy was to first group or identify each isolate by DGGE and then
specifically identify (or confirm) the species to which the isolate
belonged by using species-specific primers. This meant that each
isolate needed to be tested with only a few primer pairs and that
extensive testing of the primers across all known
Lactobacillus species was unnecessary (Table
3). Thus, isolates grouped as L. acidophilus, L. crispatus, or L. helveticus by DGGE were tested with primer pairs 1 and 2. L. gasseri
and L. johnsonii isolates were tested with primer pairs 3 and 4. Isolates classified as belonging to the L. casei
group were tested with primer pairs 6, 7, and 8. Isolates identified as
L. reuteri or L. fermentum were tested with
primer pairs 9 and 10. L. brevis and L. sharpeae
isolates were tested with primer 11. The results obtained by using
these primer pairs with reference strains are shown in Table 3, and
identification results for unknowns are given in Table 1.
|
Comparison of V2-V3 sequences with those of lactobacilli in the GenBank database. Identifications obtained by a BLAST search of the GenBank database with V2-V3 region sequences correlated with those derived by DGGE and species-specific PCR primers (Table 1). Thus, for each isolate, the group or species identification achieved by DGGE or species-specific PCR primers was confirmed by analysis of the V2-V3 sequence. The species-specific primers, however, gave definitive identifications of isolates belonging to L. rhamnosus or L. casei, whereas V2-V3 sequences did not differentiate between these species but indicated the group (L. casei/L. paracasei/L. rhamnosus/L. zeae) to which they belonged.
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DISCUSSION |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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PCR-DGGE clearly has potential in the analysis of gastrointestinal communities. Using the defined system consisting of our unique lactobacillus-free mice, we were able to detect the addition of Lactobacillus species to the gastric microflora of the animals. The sensitivity of the method was limited to detection of different Lactobacillus species, rather than strains, as expected of a method based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. It will be interesting to apply this method to more complex communities, such as those inhabiting large-bowel ecosystems.
PCR-DGGE also proved a practical addition to available identification methods for lactobacilli of gastrointestinal origin. Multiple fragments of different sizes were sometimes present in PCR products from pure cultures (see Fig. 1, lanes 8 and 11, for examples). There was, however, always one major fragment (most dense in the DGGE gel) which indicated the identity of the isolate. The minor (less dense fragments) were probably PCR artifacts resulting from the highly folded (loops and stems) nature of the V2-V3 region (Turner et al., New Zealand Microbiol. Soc. Ann. Meet.). Lactobacillus ruminis, L. reuteri, L. fermentum, Lactobacillus vitulinus, and Lactobacillus agilis could be identified directly on the basis of the migration of their V2-V3 sequences. DNA fragments from Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus had characteristic migration behaviors, but we have not tested representative strains of all of the members of the L. plantarum and L. delbrueckii taxa.
DGGE results provided a useful initial screen for the remaining gastrointestinal species because it narrowed the possible identities of the isolates. These grouped isolates could then be identified by application of the species-specific PCR primers. This meant that an isolate needed to be tested only with two or three primer pairs to obtain a specific identification. We do not yet have species-specific primers for all of the gastrointestinal species of lactobacilli, but this would be a desirable goal for future research.
The species-specific PCR primers based on the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions were particularly valuable in the identification of the L. casei group isolates. They permitted discrimination to be made between L. casei/L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, and L. zeae. These species cannot be differentiated by DGGE or BLAST comparisons of V2-V3 sequences. The information that we have obtained using these species-specific primers may be helpful in unraveling the somewhat confused situation regarding the taxonomy of the L. casei group. Dellaglio and colleagues (2), on the basis of DNA-DNA homology studies, requested in 1991 that strain ATCC 334 replace ATCC 393 as the neotype strain of Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei. They rejected the species name L. paracasei. In 1996, Dicks et al. (3) proposed that strain ATCC 393 be reclassified as L. zeae. Subsequently, Mori and colleagues (9) proposed that the L. casei group be reclassified to include three species: L. zeae containing strains ATCC 15820T (DSM 20178) and ATCC 393, a species containing L. paracasei and ATCC 334, and L. rhamnosus. Our PCR primer pair 7, based on the 16S-23S spacer region sequences of ATCC 393 (which we have considered on the basis of the work of Dicks et al. [3] to be L. zeae), produced a PCR product with DNA from both ATCC 393 and ATCC 15820 (DSM 20178), but not with DNA from ATCC 334, L. paracasei ATCC 25302, or L. rhamnosus strains. PCR primer pair 6, based on the intergenic spacer region of ATCC 334, produced products only from L. casei and L. paracasei cultures. Primer pair 8, based on the intergenic spacer region of L. rhamnosus (15), produced PCR products only from L. rhamnosus cultures. The application of our primers to a collection of strains belonging to L. casei may therefore assist in future taxonomic considerations of this group. Additionally, it may be possible to differentiate between the members of this group by DGGE if primers that targeted another region of the 16S rRNA gene are used. A potentially useful region is located between nucleotides 73 and 111 (L. casei numbering), where variation in sequences has been observed among the members of the L. casei group (9).
Identifications obtained by a BLAST search of the GenBank database with V2-V3 region sequences correlated with those obtained by DGGE and species-specific PCR primers. We are therefore confident that the approaches to the detection and identification of Lactobacillus species that we have described in this report will contribute to future studies of the composition of the intestinal microflora and to a better understanding of Lactobacillus taxonomy.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
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S. Rodtong was supported by a Teaching and Research Observation Fellowship from the Ministry of University Affairs, Thailand. Work conducted in Finland was aided by the Technology Development Centre of Finland, and A. Tilsala-Timisjarvi was the recipient of a grant from the Finnish Cultural Foundation. The support of the University of Otago Research Committee and the New Zealand Lottery Board is gratefully acknowledged. The mouse experiments were kindly supported by the Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, Japan.
G. Tannock thanks the Akkerman group, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands, for the introduction to gradient gel electrophoresis. J. Walter thanks W. Hammes, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, for his support and encouragement.
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FOOTNOTES |
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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. Phone: 64-3-479-7734. Fax: 64-3-479-8540. E-mail: gerald.tannock{at}stonebow.otago.ac.nz.
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2000, p. 297-303, Vol. 66, No. 1
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Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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Martinez, R. C. R., Franceschini, S. A., Patta, M. C., Quintana, S. M., Nunes, A. C., Moreira, J. L. S., Anukam, K. C., Reid, G., De Martinis, E. C. P.
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Burns, P., Patrignani, F., Serrazanetti, D., Vinderola, G. C., Reinheimer, J. A., Lanciotti, R., Guerzoni, M. E.
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Blaiotta, G., Fusco, V., Ercolini, D., Aponte, M., Pepe, O., Villani, F.
(2008). Lactobacillus Strain Diversity Based on Partial hsp60 Gene Sequences and Design of PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Assays for Species Identification and Differentiation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
74: 208-215
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Zhou, H., Gong, J., Brisbin, J. T., Yu, H., Sanei, B., Sabour, P., Sharif, S.
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86: 2541-2549
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Harrow, S. A., Ravindran, V., Butler, R. C., Marshall, J. W., Tannock, G. W.
(2007). Real-Time Quantitative PCR Measurement of Ileal Lactobacillus salivarius Populations from Broiler Chickens To Determine the Influence of Farming Practices. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
73: 7123-7127
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Ahmed, S., Macfarlane, G. T., Fite, A., McBain, A. J., Gilbert, P., Macfarlane, S.
(2007). Mucosa-Associated Bacterial Diversity in Relation to Human Terminal Ileum and Colonic Biopsy Samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
73: 7435-7442
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Si, W., Gong, J., Han, Y., Yu, H., Brennan, J., Zhou, H., Chen, S.
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73: 7110-7113
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Vitali, B., Pugliese, C., Biagi, E., Candela, M., Turroni, S., Bellen, G., Donders, G. G. G., Brigidi, P.
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73: 5731-5741
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El-Baradei, G., Delacroix-Buchet, A., Ogier, J.-C.
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73: 1248-1255
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Santos, F. B. O., Sheldon, B. W., Santos, A. A. Jr., Ferket, P. R., Lee, M. D., Petroso, A., Smith, D.
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Ledder, R. G., Gilbert, P., Huws, S. A., Aarons, L., Ashley, M. P., Hull, P. S., McBain, A. J.
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Guban, J., Korver, D. R., Allison, G. E., Tannock, G. W.
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Haarman, M., Knol, J.
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72: 2359-2365
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Snart, J., Bibiloni, R., Grayson, T., Lay, C., Zhang, H., Allison, G. E., Laverdiere, J. K., Temelli, F., Vasanthan, T., Bell, R., Tannock, G. W.
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Hagen, K. E., Guan, L. L., Tannock, G. W., Korver, D. R., Allison, G. E.
(2005). Detection, Characterization, and In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Genes Encoding S-Proteins in Lactobacillus gallinarum Strains Isolated from Chicken Crops. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71: 6633-6643
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Power, D. A., Burton, J. P., Chilcott, C. N., Tagg, J. R., Dawes, P. J.
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Gafan, G. P., Lucas, V. S., Roberts, G. J., Petrie, A., Wilson, M., Spratt, D. A.
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Haarman, M., Knol, J.
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71: 2318-2324
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Matsuki, T., Watanabe, K., Fujimoto, J., Takada, T., Tanaka, R.
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70: 7220-7228
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Ogier, J.-C., Lafarge, V., Girard, V., Rault, A., Maladen, V., Gruss, A., Leveau, J.-Y., Delacroix-Buchet, A.
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McBain, A. J., Ledder, R. G., Moore, L. E., Catrenich, C. E., Gilbert, P.
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Schultz, M., Munro, K., Tannock, G. W., Melchner, I., Gottl, C., Schwietz, H., Scholmerich, J., Rath, H. C.
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Ott, S J, Musfeldt, M, Wenderoth, D F, Hampe, J, Brant, O, Folsch, U R, Timmis, K N, Schreiber, S
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Wilks, M., Wiggins, R., Whiley, A., Hennessy, E., Warwick, S., Porter, H., Corfield, A., Millar, M.
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McBain, A. J., Bartolo, R. G., Catrenich, C. E., Charbonneau, D., Ledder, R. G., Gilbert, P.
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Guan, L. L., Hagen, K. E., Tannock, G. W., Korver, D. R., Fasenko, G. M., Allison, G. E.
(2003). Detection and Identification of Lactobacillus Species in Crops of Broilers of Different Ages by Using PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
69: 6750-6757
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McBain, A. J., Bartolo, R. G., Catrenich, C. E., Charbonneau, D., Ledder, R. G., Price, B. B., Gilbert, P.
(2003). Exposure of Sink Drain Microcosms to Triclosan: Population Dynamics and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
69: 5433-5442
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McBain, A. J., Bartolo, R. G., Catrenich, C. E., Charbonneau, D., Ledder, R. G., Gilbert, P.
(2003). Effects of a Chlorhexidine Gluconate-Containing Mouthwash on the Vitality and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of In Vitro Oral Bacterial Ecosystems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
69: 4770-4776
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Pepe, O., Blaiotta, G., Moschetti, G., Greco, T., Villani, F.
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Burton, J. P., Cadieux, P. A., Reid, G.
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McBain, A. J., Bartolo, R. G., Catrenich, C. E., Charbonneau, D., Ledder, R. G., Rickard, A. H., Symmons, S. A., Gilbert, P.
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69: 177-185
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Meroth, C. B., Walter, J., Hertel, C., Brandt, M. J., Hammes, W. P.
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69: 475-482
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Knarreborg, A., Simon, M. A., Engberg, R. M., Jensen, B. B., Tannock, G. W.
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68: 5918-5924
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Stebbings, S., Munro, K., Simon, M. A., Tannock, G., Highton, J., Harmsen, H., Welling, G., Seksik, P., Dore, J., Grame, G., Tilsala-Timisjarvi, A.
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Matsuki, T., Watanabe, K., Fujimoto, J., Miyamoto, Y., Takada, T., Matsumoto, K., Oyaizu, H., Tanaka, R.
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68: 5445-5451
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Ogier, J.-C., Son, O., Gruss, A., Tailliez, P., Delacroix-Buchet, A.
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68: 3691-3701
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Requena, T., Burton, J., Matsuki, T., Munro, K., Simon, M. A., Tanaka, R., Watanabe, K., Tannock, G. W.
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van Beek, S., Priest, F. G.
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68: 297-305
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Cocolin, L., Manzano, M., Cantoni, C., Comi, G.
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67: 5113-5121
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Walter, J., Hertel, C., Tannock, G. W., Lis, C. M., Munro, K., Hammes, W. P.
(2001). Detection of Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella Species in Human Feces by Using Group-Specific PCR Primers and Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
67: 2578-2585
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McCracken, V. J., Simpson, J. M., Mackie, R. I., Gaskins, H. R.
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Simpson, K. L., Pettersson, B., Priest, F. G.
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Simpson, J. M., McCracken, V. J., Gaskins, H. R., Mackie, R. I.
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Tannock, G. W., Munro, K., Harmsen, H. J. M., Welling, G. W., Smart, J., Gopal, P. K.
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