Previous Article | Next Article 
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2000, p. 2627-2630, Vol. 66, No. 6
0099-2240/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus
cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis
One Species on the
Basis of Genetic Evidence
Erlendur
Helgason,1,2
Ole Andreas
Økstad,1,2
Dominique A.
Caugant,3
Henning
A.
Johansen,1
Agnes
Fouet,4
Michéle
Mock,4
Ida
Hegna,1,2 and
Anne-Brit
Kolstø1,2,*
The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of
Oslo,1 and Department of Microbiology,
Institute of Pharmacy,2 Blindern, 0349 Oslo,
and Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Public
Health, Torshov, 0403 Oslo,3 Norway, and
Toxines et Pathogenie Bacteriennes, URA 2172 CNRS, Institut
Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France4
Received 28 December 1999/Accepted 19 March 2000
 |
ABSTRACT |
Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and
Bacillus thuringiensis are members of the Bacillus
cereus group of bacteria, demonstrating widely different
phenotypes and pathological effects. B. anthracis causes
the acute fatal disease anthrax and is a potential biological weapon
due to its high toxicity. B. thuringiensis produces
intracellular protein crystals toxic to a wide number of insect larvae
and is the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. B. cereus is a probably ubiquitous soil bacterium and an
opportunistic pathogen that is a common cause of food poisoning. In
contrast to the differences in phenotypes, we show by multilocus enzyme
electrophoresis and by sequence analysis of nine chromosomal genes that
B. anthracis should be considered a lineage of B. cereus. This determination is not only a formal matter of
taxonomy but may also have consequences with respect to virulence and
the potential of horizontal gene transfer within the B. cereus group.
 |
TEXT |
The spore-forming bacterium
Bacillus anthracis is the cause of the acute and often
lethal disease anthrax. It is therefore of concern as a possible agent
in biological warfare. Virulent forms of B. anthracis harbor
two plasmids, pXO1 of 181 kb and pXO2 of 93.5 kb (22), which
recently have been completely sequenced (14). A sequencing
project aimed at determining the total genome of a plasmid-cured strain
of B. anthracis is also under way. The closest relatives of
B. anthracis are the two species B. thuringiensis and B. cereus. B. thuringiensis is a very useful source of
insecticidal toxins, often in the form of spore-containing preparations
of crystal protein toxins that are spread from airplanes over fields. B. cereus is a ubiquitous soil bacterium and an
opportunistic human pathogen, causing contamination problems in the
dairy industry and paper mills. The only established difference between
B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains is the
presence of genes coding for the insecticidal toxins, usually present
on plasmids. If these plasmids are lost, B. thuringiensis
can no longer be distinguished from B. cereus
(22).
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) comparing the allozyme patterns
of 10 to 20 housekeeping genes has for decades been used extensively in
phylogenetic investigations of bacterial populations (20).
We have previously employed MEE analysis to establish the relationships
between 36 strains of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, mostly from reference strain collections, and shown
that the strains appear to belong to the same species (4).
Analysis of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis
strains isolated from soil demonstrated a very high diversity in
multilocus genotypes, indicating that B. cereus and B. thuringiensis exhibit a low degree of clonality and that exchange
of genetic material occurs frequently in their natural environment
(9).
We present here evidence for a close similarity of the genomes of
B. anthracis strains to those of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus strains, demonstrating that
they should be considered as belonging to one and the same species.
What distinguishes them functionally are mostly genes carried on
plasmids. In view of their natural competence, horizontal spreading of
plasmids may take place and has in fact been demonstrated for B. thuringiensis and B. cereus (6, 7, 19, 23).
What may seem to be a minor problem of taxonomy may therefore have
serious implications for virulence and pathogenicity.
Protein extracts of the isolates were electrophoresed on starch-gel,
and selective enzyme staining was performed as described by Selander
and coworkers (20). The 13 enzymes were assayed as
previously described (9).
Oligonucleotide primers were selected on the basis of previously
determined gene sequences from B. cereus ATCC 10987 (15) using Primer3 (S. Rozen and H. J. Skaletsky
[http://www.genome.wi.mit.edu/genome_software/other/primer3.html]) and synthesized at the DNA Synthesis Laboratory, Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. PCR was run for 40 cycles in a 50-µl volume using 0.8 mM each deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 0.4 µM each
primer, 50 ng of genomic DNA, and 1 U of Dynazyme (Finnzymes Oy, Espoo,
Finland). The appropriate annealing temperature was determined for each
primer set.
PCR products were purified using a QIAquick purification kit (Qiagen,
Hilden, Germany), after Seakem GTG (FMC) agarose gel electrophoresis
(1× Tris-acetate-EDTA or 1× Tris-borate-EDTA running buffer), when
necessary. Sequencing reactions were performed on an ALF sequencer
(Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) using fluorescein isothiocyanate-end-labeled oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the
primers used in PCR, employing a Thermo Sequenase Cycle Sequencing kit
(Vistra Systems, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom). DNA
sequences were analyzed and assembled using GeneSkipper software
(European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany).
Preliminary sequence data of B. anthracis were obtained from
The Institute for Genomic Research website (http://www.tigr.org).
In the present study we have analyzed 13 B. anthracis
strains using MEE by comparing the allozyme patterns of 13 enzyme loci to those of 227 B. cereus and B. thuringiensis
strains. The multilocus genotypes of all but one of the B. anthracis strains were identical and were, except in one locus for
which no enzymatic activity was detected, indistinguishable from the
genotype of the clone of B. cereus most frequently isolated
from patients (Fig. 1). The remaining B. anthracis
strain (Davis TE 702) differed from the other strains by presenting
distinct alleles at two enzyme loci and clustered at a genetic distance
of 0.23. B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis
(HD2) from the Bacillus Genetic Stock Center, previously shown to be
closely related to B. cereus strains (4), was
also closely related to the B. anthracis cluster (Fig. 1). Ten B. cereus-like strains isolated from sites of anthrax
outbreaks were positive for the chromosomal marker Ba813
(17) but lacked the two plasmids which are necessary for
full virulence of B. anthracis (17). These
strains exhibited multilocus genotypes located within or near the
B. anthracis cluster (Fig. 1). Previous studies using other
techniques to analyze the relationships between B. anthracis
strains have all stated that B. anthracis is very homogenous
and perhaps the most monomorphic species so far identified, with the
relationship to B. cereus and B. thuringiensis
being more remote (2, 3, 8, 12). Our results confirm the genetic homogeneity of B. anthracis but demonstrate that its
apparent relatedness to B. cereus and B. thuringiensis is highly dependent on the choice of strains
studied.

View larger version (15K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 1.
MEE analysis. Genetic relationships between 239 strains
of B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. anthracis. The dendrogram was generated by the average-linkage
method of clustering (unweighted-pair group matrix analysis)
(19), from a matrix of genetic-distance coefficients based
on 13 enzyme loci, using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis package
(12). The dendrogram generates two main clusters, I and II,
with a genetic distance of 0.65. Isolates were placed on the same
branch when the genetic distance was less than 0.1. Sources of the
isolated strains are indicated with the following symbols: red
triangles, patients (B. cereus); black circles, soil samples
(B. cereus and B. thuringiensis); blue boxes,
dairies (B. cereus and B. thuringiensis); yellow
circles, B. anthracis; green triangles, Ba813-positive
B. cereus strains isolated from B. anthracis
outbreak areas; star 1, B. cereus ATCC 4342; star 2, B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis (HD2); star
3, B. cereus ATCC 10987; star 4, B. thuringiensis
subsp. kurstaki (HD1); star 5, B. thuringiensis
subsp. subtoxicus (HD109); star 6, B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus (HD9); star 7, B. cereus ATCC 14579. Arrows indicate strains analyzed for
the results shown in Fig. 2. Arrow a, B. cereus
periodontitis strain; arrow b, B. anthracis 7700; arrow c,
B. cereus ATCC 10987; arrow d, B. thuringiensis
subsp. kurstaki (HD1); arrow e, B. cereus type
strain ATCC 14579.
|
|
We have further analyzed DNA sequences from nine genes to investigate
the genetic relationship between a more narrow selection of members of
the B. cereus group. A collection of gene loci were amplified by PCR and analyzed by direct DNA sequencing. Dendrograms were subsequently constructed using cluster analysis, based on pairwise
similarities of strains. The nine genes were selected from 86 previously sequenced genes from the B. cereus ATCC 10987 genome (15), and the genes were scattered on the chromosome (Fig. 2a). Four additional strains were
selected for the analysis: B. anthracis 7700 (5),
the B. cereus type strain ATCC 14579, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, which is widely used for
the preparation of biopesticides, and a B. cereus strain
isolated from a patient with periodontitis (10). Pairwise
similarities between the PCR-amplified nucleotide sequences were used
to construct distance matrices for phylogenetic analysis, based on
percentages of divergence between the sequences. By separate
examination of each gene locus, the DNA sequences were highly conserved
among the five strains, exhibiting between 92.2 and 99.6% pairwise
identity (Fig. 2b). The protein sequences were similarly conserved,
with only 25 differences among a total of 1,128 amino acid positions in
the nine deduced sequences and with 14 of the substitutions being
conservative (Table 1). The analysis
further showed that evolutionary relationships estimated on the basis
of the DNA sequence data correlated well with the results from the MEE
analysis, with B. anthracis 7700 grouping together with the
periodontal B. cereus isolate, and that the B. cereus type strain ATCC 14579 was most similar to B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Fig. 2b). B. subtilis 168, which exhibits an isoenzyme pattern too divergent
from that of the B. cereus group to be included in the
analysis of the MEE data (Fig. 1) (4), also formed the
outgroup in the sequence analysis (Fig. 2c). Similarly, the 86 putative
genes previously identified from B. cereus ATCC 10987 (15) were used to search the nonannotated DNA sequence set
representing a triple coverage of the B. anthracis genome,
available at The Institute for Genome Research website
(http://www.tigr.org/cgi-bin/BlastSearch/blast.cgi).

View larger version (22K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
FIG. 2.
Sequence analysis of genes. (a) Locations of genes used
for the sequence analysis on a physical map (NotI
restriction fragments) of the B. cereus ATCC 10987 chromosome (14). (b) Single-gene dendrograms based on DNA
sequences from nine genes (sizes of sequences in base pairs are in
parentheses): fumA (354), cmk (271),
ykvW (415), mbl (568), glpT (309),
ansB (414), pycA (437), purH (336),
and ymcB (299) from B. cereus ATCC 10987, B. anthracis 7700, B. cereus periodontitis
strain, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (HD1),
and B. cereus type strain ATCC 14579. (c) Dendrogram based
on DNA sequences from seven genes, cmk, ymcB,
ykvW, mbl, glpT, ansB, and
purH, including homologous gene sequences from B. subtilis 168 forming an outgroup in the analysis. Neither the
fumA nor pycA gene was included in this
dendrogram, since no fumA sequence homolog exists in
B. subtilis 168 and pycA was not amplified from
B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. All dendrograms
were constructed with the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis
package (12) and show proportional divergence between
strains by the unweighted-pair group matrix analysis (19).
|
|
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
|
TABLE 1.
Amino acid differences in nine genes from five strains of
B. anthracis, B. cereus, and
B. thuringiensisa
|
|
Putative orthologs were detected for 69 of the genes, while 17 genes
were either not present in the B. anthracis strain or missed
due to physical or sequence gaps in the preliminary data set. The
sequence identities between the B. cereus ATCC 10987 and
B. anthracis orthologs were high, averaging 96.5% at the
amino acid level. DNA sequences were equally similar.
The results presented in this study clearly reveal that B. anthracis appears to be genetically indistinguishable from members of the B. cereus-B. thuringiensis group. The results
are in agreement with earlier results from DNA-DNA hybridization
analysis showing high identity among B. anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis strains (11,
18). Furthermore, our results are in agreement with the view of
B. cereus as the more ancestral species, with many of the
strains belonging to the variants B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis encoding their most characteristic phenotypic properties from extrachromosomal DNA. Other characteristics that have
been used to differentiate B. anthracis from B. cereus and that may be chromosomally encoded, such as sensitivity
to
-lactam antibiotics and lack of motility and hemolytic activity,
may be caused by differences in a single gene(s). For instance, 3 to 5% of B. anthracis strains are penicillin resistant
(16), which dismisses this as a characteristic feature of
the bacterium. Interestingly, PlcR, a transcriptional regulator of
putative extracellular virulence factors in B. cereus and
B. thuringiensis, is mutated and nonfunctional in B. anthracis strains (1). These mutations may thus be at least partly responsible for some of the features often associated with
B. anthracis, like the lack of lecithinase and hemolytic activity.
We have demonstrated that B. anthracis is genetically very
closely related to some B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains usually regarded as rather harmless and even
beneficial. Horizontal transfer of plasmids may dramatically alter
their phenotypes. It is, however, possible that for receiving and
retaining the virulence plasmids of B. anthracis, additional
genetic features of the chromosome are needed. Such factors remain to
be elucidated.
 |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
The work was supported by grants to A.-B.K. from The Norwegian
Research Council and an EMBO short-term fellowship to E.H.
Preliminary sequence data of B. anthracis was obtained from
The Institute for Genomic Research website at http://www.tigr.org. Sequencing of B. anthracis was accomplished with support
from the Office of Naval Research. We thank J. Vaissaire (AFSSA,
Maisons-Alfort, France) for providing Ba813-positive B. cereus strains.
 |
FOOTNOTES |
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: The
Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1125, Blindern, 0349 Oslo, Norway. Phone: 47-229-58460. Fax: 47-2269-4130. E-mail: annebko{at}biotek.uio.no.
 |
REFERENCES |
| 1.
|
Agaisse, H.,
M. Gominet,
O. Andreas,
O. Kstad,
A. B. Kolsto, and D. Lereclus.
1999.
PlcR is a pleiotropic regulator of extracellular virulence factor gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis.
Mol. Microbiol.
32:1043-1053[CrossRef][Medline].
|
| 2.
|
Ash, C.,
J. A. Farrow,
M. Dorsch,
E. Stackebrandt, and M. D. Collins.
1991.
Comparative analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and related species on the basis of reverse transcriptase sequencing of 16S rRNA.
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.
41:343-346[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 3.
|
Bourque, S. N.,
J. R. Valero,
M. C. Lavoie, and R. C. Levesque.
1995.
Comparative analysis of the 16S to 23S ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences of Bacillus thuringiensis strains and subspecies and of closely related species.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
61:1623-1626[Abstract]. (Erratum, 61:2811.)
|
| 4.
|
Carlson, C. R.,
D. Caugant, and A.-B. Kolstø.
1994.
Genotypic diversity among Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
60:1719-1725[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 5.
|
Cataldi, A.,
E. Labruyere, and M. Mock.
1990.
Construction and characterization of a protective antigen-deficient Bacillus anthracis strain.
Mol. Microbiol.
4:1111-1117[Medline].
|
| 6.
|
Felkner, I. C., and O. Wyss.
1964.
A substance produced by competent Bacillus cereus 569 cells that affects transformability.
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
16:94-99[CrossRef][Medline].
|
| 7.
|
Gonzales, J. M. J.,
B. S. Brown, and B. C. Carlton.
1982.
Transfer of Bacillus thuringiensis plasmids coding for -endotoxin among strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
79:6951-6955[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 8.
|
Harrell, L. J.,
G. L. Andersen, and K. H. Wilson.
1995.
Genetic variability of Bacillus anthracis and related species.
J. Clin. Microbiol.
33:1847-1850[Abstract].
|
| 9.
|
Helgason, E.,
D. A. Caugant,
M. M. Lecadet,
Y. Chen,
J. Mahillon,
A. Lövgren,
I. Hegna,
K. Kvaloy, and A. B. Kolstø.
1998.
Genetic diversity of Bacillus cereus/Bacillus thuringiensis isolates from natural sources.
Curr. Microbiol.
37:80-87[CrossRef][Medline].
|
| 10.
|
Helgason, E.,
D. A. Caugant,
I. Olsen, and A. B. Kolstø.
2000.
Genetic structure of population of Bacillus cereus and B. thuringiensis isolates associated with periodontitis and other human infections.
J. Clin. Microbiol.
38:1615-1622[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 11.
|
Kaneko, T.,
R. Nozaki, and K. Aizawa.
1978.
Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness between Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis.
Microbiol. Immunol.
22:639-641[Medline].
|
| 12.
|
Keim, P.,
A. Kalif,
J. Schupp,
K. Hill,
S. E. Travis,
K. Richmond,
D. M. Adair,
M. Hugh-Jones,
C. R. Kuske, and P. Jackson.
1997.
Molecular evolution and diversity in Bacillus anthracis as detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers.
J. Bacteriol.
179:818-824[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 13.
|
Kumar, S.,
K. Tamura, and M. Nei.
1994.
MEGA: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software for microcomputers.
Comput. Appl. Biosci.
10:189-191[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 14.
|
Okinaka, R.,
K. Cloud,
O. Hampton,
A. Hoffmaster,
K. Hill,
P. Keim,
T. Koehler,
G. Lamke,
S. Kumano,
D. Manter,
Y. Martinez,
D. Ricke,
R. Svensson, and P. Jackson.
1999.
Sequence, assembly and analysis of pX01 and pX02.
J. Appl. Microbiol.
87:261-262[CrossRef][Medline].
|
| 15.
|
Økstad, O. A.,
I. Hegna,
T. Lindbäck,
A. L. Rishovd, and A. B. Kolstø.
1999.
Genome organization is not conserved between Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis.
Microbiology
145:621-631[CrossRef][Medline].
|
| 16.
|
Patra, G.,
P. Sylvestre,
V. Ramisse,
J. Therasse, and J. L. Guesdon.
1996.
Isolation of a specific chromosomic DNA sequence of Bacillus anthracis and its possible use in diagnosis.
FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.
15:223-231[CrossRef][Medline].
|
| 17.
|
Patra, G.,
J. Vaissaire,
M. Weber-Levy,
C. Le Doujet, and M. Mock.
1998.
Molecular characterization of Bacillus strains involved in outbreaks of anthrax in France in 1997.
J. Clin. Microbiol.
36:3412-3414[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 18.
|
Priest, F. G.,
D. A. Kaji,
Y. B. Rosato, and V. P. Canhos.
1994.
Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis and related bacteria by ribosomal RNA gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
Microbiology
140:1015-1022[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
| 19.
|
Sabelnikov, A. G., and L. V. Ulyashova.
1990.
Plasmid transformation of Bacillus cereus on cellophane membranes.
FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
72:123-126[CrossRef].
|
| 20.
|
Selander, R. K.,
D. A. Caugant,
H. Ochman,
J. M. Musser,
M. N. Gilmour, and T. S. Whittam.
1986.
Methods of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for bacterial population genetics and systematics.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
51:873-884[Free Full Text].
|
| 21.
|
Sneath, P. H. A., and R. R. Sokal.
1973.
Numerical taxonomy: the principles of numerical classification. W. H.
Freeman & Co., San Francisco, Calif.
|
| 22.
|
Thorne, C. B.
1993.
Bacillus anthracis, p. 113-124.
In
A. L. Sonenshein, J. A. Hoch, and R. Losick (ed.), Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
|
| 23.
|
Wilcks, A.,
N. Jayaswal,
D. Lereclus, and L. Andrup.
1998.
Characterization of plasmid pAW63, a second self-transmissible plasmid in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD73.
Microbiology
144:1263-1270[Abstract/Free Full Text].
|
Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2000, p. 2627-2630, Vol. 66, No. 6
0099-2240/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
This article has been cited by other articles:
-
Lasch, P., Beyer, W., Nattermann, H., Stammler, M., Siegbrecht, E., Grunow, R., Naumann, D.
(2009). Identification of Bacillus anthracis by Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry and Artificial Neural Networks. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
75: 7229-7242
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ross, C. L., Thomason, K. S., Koehler, T. M.
(2009). An Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factor Controls {beta}-Lactamase Gene Expression in Bacillus anthracis and Other Bacillus cereus Group Species. J. Bacteriol.
191: 6683-6693
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Sela-Abramovich, S., Chitlaru, T., Gat, O., Grosfeld, H., Cohen, O., Shafferman, A.
(2009). Novel and Unique Diagnostic Biomarkers for Bacillus anthracis Infection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
75: 6157-6167
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Mukhopadhyay, S., Akmal, A., Stewart, A. C., Hsia, R.-c., Read, T. D.
(2009). Identification of Bacillus anthracis Spore Component Antigens Conserved across Diverse Bacillus cereus sensu lato Strains. Mol. Cell. Proteomics
8: 1174-1191
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hu, X., Van der Auwera, G., Timmery, S., Zhu, L., Mahillon, J.
(2009). Distribution, Diversity, and Potential Mobility of Extrachromosomal Elements Related to the Bacillus anthracis pXO1 and pXO2 Virulence Plasmids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
75: 3016-3028
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Leoff, C., Choudhury, B., Saile, E., Quinn, C. P., Carlson, R. W., Kannenberg, E. L.
(2008). Structural Elucidation of the Nonclassical Secondary Cell Wall Polysaccharide from Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987: COMPARISON WITH THE POLYSACCHARIDES FROM BACILLUS ANTHRACIS AND B. CEREUS TYPE STRAIN ATCC 14579 REVEALS BOTH UNIQUE AND COMMON STRUCTURAL FEATURES. J. Biol. Chem.
283: 29812-29821
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Schumacher, W. C., Storozuk, C. A., Dutta, P. K., Phipps, A. J.
(2008). Identification and Characterization of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Multiparameter Flow Cytometry. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
74: 5220-5223
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Dauphin, L. A., Newton, B. R., Rasmussen, M. V., Meyer, R. F., Bowen, M. D.
(2008). Gamma Irradiation Can Be Used To Inactivate Bacillus anthracis Spores without Compromising the Sensitivity of Diagnostic Assays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
74: 4427-4433
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Liang, L., He, X., Liu, G., Tan, H.
(2008). The role of a purine-specific nucleoside hydrolase in spore germination of Bacillus thuringiensis. Microbiology
154: 1333-1340
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Kim, W., Kim, J.-Y., Cho, S.-L., Nam, S.-W., Shin, J.-W., Kim, Y.-S., Shin, H.-S.
(2008). Glycosyltransferase - a specific marker for the discrimination of Bacillus anthracis from the Bacillus cereus group. J Med Microbiol
57: 279-286
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Cardazzo, B., Negrisolo, E., Carraro, L., Alberghini, L., Patarnello, T., Giaccone, V.
(2008). Multiple-Locus Sequence Typing and Analysis of Toxin Genes in Bacillus cereus Food-Borne Isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
74: 850-860
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Tourasse, N. J., Kolsto, A.-B.
(2008). SuperCAT: a supertree database for combined and integrative multilocus sequence typing analysis of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria (including B. cereus, B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis). Nucleic Acids Res
36: D461-D468
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Jones, G. W., Nielsen-Leroux, C., Yang, Y., Yuan, Z., Dumas, V. F., Gomes Monnerat, R., Berry, C.
(2007). A new Cry toxin with a unique two-component dependency from Bacillus sphaericus. FASEB J.
21: 4112-4120
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Satterfield, B. C., Kulesh, D. A., Norwood, D. A., Wasieloski, L. P. Jr, Caplan, M. R., West, J. A.A.
(2007). Tentacle ProbesTM: Differentiation of Difficult Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Deletions by Presence or Absence of a Signal in Real-Time PCR. Clin. Chem.
53: 2042-2050
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Klevan, A., Tourasse, N. J., Stabell, F. B., Kolsto, A.-B., Okstad, O. A.
(2007). Exploring the evolution of the Bacillus cereus group repeat element bcr1 by comparative genome analysis of closely related strains. Microbiology
153: 3894-3908
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Salvetti, S., Ghelardi, E., Celandroni, F., Ceragioli, M., Giannessi, F., Senesi, S.
(2007). FlhF, a signal recognition particle-like GTPase, is involved in the regulation of flagellar arrangement, motility behaviour and protein secretion in Bacillus cereus. Microbiology
153: 2541-2552
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Kristoffersen, S. M., Ravnum, S., Tourasse, N. J., Okstad, O. A., Kolsto, A.-B., Davies, W.
(2007). Low Concentrations of Bile Salts Induce Stress Responses and Reduce Motility in Bacillus cereus ATCC 14570. J. Bacteriol.
189: 5302-5313
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Zhong, W., Shou, Y., Yoshida, T. M., Marrone, B. L.
(2007). Differentiation of Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis by Using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
73: 3446-3449
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Rasko, D. A., Rosovitz, M. J., Okstad, O. A., Fouts, D. E., Jiang, L., Cer, R. Z., Kolsto, A.-B., Gill, S. R., Ravel, J.
(2007). Complete Sequence Analysis of Novel Plasmids from Emetic and Periodontal Bacillus cereus Isolates Reveals a Common Evolutionary History among the B. cereus-Group Plasmids, Including Bacillus anthracis pXO1. J. Bacteriol.
189: 52-64
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Bouchek-Mechiche, K., Gardan, L., Andrivon, D., Normand, P.
(2006). Streptomyces turgidiscabies and Streptomyces reticuliscabiei: one genomic species, two pathogenic groups. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.
56: 2771-2776
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
de Been, M., Francke, C., Moezelaar, R., Abee, T., Siezen, R. J.
(2006). Comparative analysis of two-component signal transduction systems of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis.. Microbiology
152: 3035-3048
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
DelVecchio, V. G., Connolly, J. P., Alefantis, T. G., Walz, A., Quan, M. A., Patra, G., Ashton, J. M., Whittington, J. T., Chafin, R. D., Liang, X., Grewal, P., Khan, A. S., Mujer, C. V.
(2006). Proteomic Profiling and Identification of Immunodominant Spore Antigens of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 6355-6363
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hoffmaster, A. R., Hill, K. K., Gee, J. E., Marston, C. K., De, B. K., Popovic, T., Sue, D., Wilkins, P. P., Avashia, S. B., Drumgoole, R., Helma, C. H., Ticknor, L. O., Okinaka, R. T., Jackson, P. J.
(2006). Characterization of Bacillus cereus Isolates Associated with Fatal Pneumonias: Strains Are Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis and Harbor B. anthracis Virulence Genes.. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 3352-3360
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Klee, S. R., Ozel, M., Appel, B., Boesch, C., Ellerbrok, H., Jacob, D., Holland, G., Leendertz, F. H., Pauli, G., Grunow, R., Nattermann, H.
(2006). Characterization of Bacillus anthracis-Like Bacteria Isolated from Wild Great Apes from Cote d'Ivoire and Cameroon.. J. Bacteriol.
188: 5333-5344
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Han, C. S., Xie, G., Challacombe, J. F., Altherr, M. R., Bhotika, S. S., Bruce, D., Campbell, C. S., Campbell, M. L., Chen, J., Chertkov, O., Cleland, C., Dimitrijevic, M., Doggett, N. A., Fawcett, J. J., Glavina, T., Goodwin, L. A., Hill, K. K., Hitchcock, P., Jackson, P. J., Keim, P., Kewalramani, A. R., Longmire, J., Lucas, S., Malfatti, S., McMurry, K., Meincke, L. J., Misra, M., Moseman, B. L., Mundt, M., Munk, A. C., Okinaka, R. T., Parson-Quintana, B., Reilly, L. P., Richardson, P., Robinson, D. L., Rubin, E., Saunders, E., Tapia, R., Tesmer, J. G., Thayer, N., Thompson, L. S., Tice, H., Ticknor, L. O., Wills, P. L., Brettin, T. S., Gilna, P.
(2006). Pathogenomic Sequence Analysis of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis. J. Bacteriol.
188: 3382-3390
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hao, W., Golding, G. B.
(2006). The fate of laterally transferred genes: Life in the fast lane to adaptation or death.. Genome Res
16: 636-643
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Yoong, P., Schuch, R., Nelson, D., Fischetti, V. A.
(2006). PlyPH, a Bacteriolytic Enzyme with a Broad pH Range of Activity and Lytic Action against Bacillus anthracis.. J. Bacteriol.
188: 2711-2714
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Tinsley, E., Khan, S. A.
(2006). A Novel FtsZ-Like Protein Is Involved in Replication of the Anthrax Toxin-Encoding pXO1 Plasmid in Bacillus anthracis.. J. Bacteriol.
188: 2829-2835
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Schuch, R., Fischetti, V. A.
(2006). Detailed Genomic Analysis of the W{beta} and {gamma} Phages Infecting Bacillus anthracis: Implications for Evolution of Environmental Fitness and Antibiotic Resistance.. J. Bacteriol.
188: 3037-3051
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Zasada, A. A., Gierczynski, R., Raddadi, N., Daffonchio, D., Jagielski, M.
(2006). Some Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Share rpoB Nucleotide Polymorphisms Also Present in Bacillus anthracis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 1606-1607
[Full Text]
-
Daffonchio, D., Raddadi, N., Merabishvili, M., Cherif, A., Carmagnola, L., Brusetti, L., Rizzi, A., Chanishvili, N., Visca, P., Sharp, R., Borin, S.
(2006). Strategy for Identification of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 1295-1301
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Sorokin, A., Candelon, B., Guilloux, K., Galleron, N., Wackerow-Kouzova, N., Ehrlich, S. D., Bourguet, D., Sanchis, V.
(2006). Multiple-Locus Sequence Typing Analysis of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Reveals Separate Clustering and a Distinct Population Structure of Psychrotrophic Strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 1569-1578
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hornstra, L. M., de Vries, Y. P., Wells-Bennik, M. H. J., de Vos, W. M., Abee, T.
(2006). Characterization of Germination Receptors of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 44-53
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Susanna, K. A., den Hengst, C. D., Hamoen, L. W., Kuipers, O. P.
(2006). Expression of Transcription Activator ComK of Bacillus subtilis in the Heterologous Host Lactococcus lactis Leads to a Genome-Wide Repression Pattern: a Case Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 404-411
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Zahner, V., Cabral, D. A., Regua-Mangia, A. H., Rabinovitch, L., Moreau, G., McIntosh, D.
(2005). Distribution of Genes Encoding Putative Virulence Factors and Fragment Length Polymorphisms in the vrrA Gene among Brazilian Isolates of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71: 8107-8114
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Valjevac, S., Hilaire, V., Lisanti, O., Ramisse, F., Hernandez, E., Cavallo, J.-D., Pourcel, C., Vergnaud, G.
(2005). Comparison of Minisatellite Polymorphisms in the Bacillus cereus Complex: a Simple Assay for Large-Scale Screening and Identification of Strains Most Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71: 6613-6623
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Demidova, T. N., Hamblin, M. R.
(2005). Photodynamic Inactivation of Bacillus Spores, Mediated by Phenothiazinium Dyes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71: 6918-6925
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Davison, S., Couture-Tosi, E., Candela, T., Mock, M., Fouet, A.
(2005). Identification of the Bacillus anthracis {gamma} Phage Receptor. J. Bacteriol.
187: 6742-6749
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Rice, E. W., Adcock, N. J., Sivaganesan, M., Rose, L. J.
(2005). Inactivation of Spores of Bacillus anthracis Sterne, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by Chlorination. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71: 5587-5589
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ryu, C., Lee, K., Hawng, H.-J., Yoo, C.-K., Seong, W.-K., Oh, H.-B.
(2005). Molecular Characterization of Korean Bacillus anthracis Isolates by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis and Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71: 4664-4671
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Tourasse, N. J., Stabell, F. B., Reiter, L., Kolsto, A.-B.
(2005). Unusual Group II Introns in Bacteria of the Bacillus cereus Group. J. Bacteriol.
187: 5437-5451
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hoton, F. M., Andrup, L., Swiecicka, I., Mahillon, J.
(2005). The cereulide genetic determinants of emetic Bacillus cereus are plasmid-borne. Microbiology
151: 2121-2124
[Full Text]
-
de Vries, Y. P., Atmadja, R. D., Hornstra, L. M., de Vos, W. M., Abee, T.
(2005). Influence of Glutamate on Growth, Sporulation, and Spore Properties of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 in Defined Medium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71: 3248-3254
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Easterday, W. R., Van Ert, M. N., Simonson, T. S., Wagner, D. M., Kenefic, L. J., Allender, C. J., Keim, P.
(2005). Use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the plcR Gene for Specific Identification of Bacillus anthracis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 1995-1997
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Reyes-Ramirez, A., Ibarra, J. E.
(2005). Fingerprinting of Bacillus thuringiensis Type Strains and Isolates by Using Bacillus cereus Group-Specific Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic Sequence-Based PCR Analysis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
71: 1346-1355
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Gomes-Solecki, M. J. C., Savitt, A. G., Rowehl, R., Glass, J. D., Bliska, J. B., Dattwyler, R. J.
(2005). LcrV Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Yersinia pestis from Human Samples. CVI
12: 339-346
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Slamti, L., Lereclus, D.
(2005). Specificity and Polymorphism of the PlcR-PapR Quorum-Sensing System in the Bacillus cereus Group. J. Bacteriol.
187: 1182-1187
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Elzi, M. V., Mallard, K., Droz, S., Bodmer, T.
(2005). Polyphasic Approach for Identifying Bacillus spp.. J. Clin. Microbiol.
43: 1010-1010
[Full Text]
-
Harvie, D. R., Vilchez, S., Steggles, J. R., Ellar, D. J.
(2005). Bacillus cereus Fur regulates iron metabolism and is required for full virulence. Microbiology
151: 569-577
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ehling-Schulz, M., Svensson, B., Guinebretiere, M.-H., Lindback, T., Andersson, M., Schulz, A., Fricker, M., Christiansson, A., Granum, P. E., Martlbauer, E., Nguyen-The, C., Salkinoja-Salonen, M., Scherer, S.
(2005). Emetic toxin formation of Bacillus cereus is restricted to a single evolutionary lineage of closely related strains. Microbiology
151: 183-197
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Shi, X., Rao, N. N., Kornberg, A.
(2004). Inorganic polyphosphate in Bacillus cereus: Motility, biofilm formation, and sporulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
101: 17061-17065
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Priest, F. G., Barker, M., Baillie, L. W. J., Holmes, E. C., Maiden, M. C. J.
(2004). Population Structure and Evolution of the Bacillus cereus Group. J. Bacteriol.
186: 7959-7970
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Bode, E., Hurtle, W., Norwood, D.
(2004). Real-Time PCR Assay for a Unique Chromosomal Sequence of Bacillus anthracis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 5825-5831
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Okstad, O. A., Tourasse, N. J., Stabell, F. B., Sundfaer, C. K., Egge-Jacobsen, W., Risoen, P. A., Read, T. D., Kolsto, A.-B.
(2004). The bcr1 DNA Repeat Element Is Specific to the Bacillus cereus Group and Exhibits Mobile Element Characteristics. J. Bacteriol.
186: 7714-7725
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ko, K. S., Kim, J.-W., Kim, J.-M., Kim, W., Chung, S.-i., Kim, I. J., Kook, Y.-H.
(2004). Population Structure of the Bacillus cereus Group as Determined by Sequence Analysis of Six Housekeeping Genes and the plcR Gene. Infect. Immun.
72: 5253-5261
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Barth, H., Aktories, K., Popoff, M. R., Stiles, B. G.
(2004). Binary Bacterial Toxins: Biochemistry, Biology, and Applications of Common Clostridium and Bacillus Proteins. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.
68: 373-402
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Bavykin, S. G., Lysov, Y. P., Zakhariev, V., Kelly, J. J., Jackman, J., Stahl, D. A., Cherni, A.
(2004). Use of 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and gyrB Gene Sequence Analysis To Determine Phylogenetic Relationships of Bacillus cereus Group Microorganisms. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 3711-3730
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Reissbrodt, R., Rassbach, A., Burghardt, B., Rienacker, I., Mietke, H., Schleif, J., Tschape, H., Lyte, M., Williams, P. H.
(2004). Assessment of a New Selective Chromogenic Bacillus cereus Group Plating Medium and Use of Enterobacterial Autoinducer of Growth for Cultural Identification of Bacillus Species. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 3795-3798
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Brillard, J., Lereclus, D.
(2004). Comparison of cytotoxin cytK promoters from Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 14579 and from a B. cereus food-poisoning strain. Microbiology
150: 2699-2705
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hao, W., Golding, G. B.
(2004). Patterns of Bacterial Gene Movement. Mol Biol Evol
21: 1294-1307
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Slamti, L., Perchat, S., Gominet, M., Vilas-Boas, G., Fouet, A., Mock, M., Sanchis, V., Chaufaux, J., Gohar, M., Lereclus, D.
(2004). Distinct Mutations in PlcR Explain Why Some Strains of the Bacillus cereus Group Are Nonhemolytic. J. Bacteriol.
186: 3531-3538
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hoffmaster, A. R., Ravel, J., Rasko, D. A., Chapman, G. D., Chute, M. D., Marston, C. K., De, B. K., Sacchi, C. T., Fitzgerald, C., Mayer, L. W., Maiden, M. C. J., Priest, F. G., Barker, M., Jiang, L., Cer, R. Z., Rilstone, J., Peterson, S. N., Weyant, R. S., Galloway, D. R., Read, T. D., Popovic, T., Fraser, C. M.
(2004). Identification of anthrax toxin genes in a Bacillus cereus associated with an illness resembling inhalation anthrax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
101: 8449-8454
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Tinsley, E., Naqvi, A., Bourgogne, A., Koehler, T. M., Khan, S. A.
(2004). Isolation of a Minireplicon of the Virulence Plasmid pXO2 of Bacillus anthracis and Characterization of the Plasmid-Encoded RepS Replication Protein. J. Bacteriol.
186: 2717-2723
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
de Vries, Y. P., Hornstra, L. M., de Vos, W. M., Abee, T.
(2004). Growth and Sporulation of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 under Defined Conditions: Temporal Expression of Genes for Key Sigma Factors. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
70: 2514-2519
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Blackwood, K. S., Turenne, C. Y., Harmsen, D., Kabani, A. M.
(2004). Reassessment of Sequence-Based Targets for Identification of Bacillus Species. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 1626-1630
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Rasko, D. A., Ravel, J., Okstad, O. A., Helgason, E., Cer, R. Z., Jiang, L., Shores, K. A., Fouts, D. E., Tourasse, N. J., Angiuoli, S. V., Kolonay, J., Nelson, W. C., Kolsto, A.-B., Fraser, C. M., Read, T. D.
(2004). The genome sequence of Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 reveals metabolic adaptations and a large plasmid related to Bacillus anthracis pXO1. Nucleic Acids Res
32: 977-988
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hill, K. K., Ticknor, L. O., Okinaka, R. T., Asay, M., Blair, H., Bliss, K. A., Laker, M., Pardington, P. E., Richardson, A. P., Tonks, M., Beecher, D. J., Kemp, J. D., Kolsto, A.-B., Wong, A. C. L., Keim, P., Jackson, P. J.
(2004). Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
70: 1068-1080
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
van Schaik, W., Tempelaars, M. H., Wouters, J. A., de Vos, W. M., Abee, T.
(2004). The Alternative Sigma Factor {sigma}B of Bacillus cereus: Response to Stress and Role in Heat Adaptation. J. Bacteriol.
186: 316-325
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Helgason, E., Tourasse, N. J., Meisal, R., Caugant, D. A., Kolsto, A.-B.
(2004). Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme for Bacteria of the Bacillus cereus Group. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
70: 191-201
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Grass, G., Schierhorn, A., Sorkau, E., Muller, H., Rucknagel, P., Nies, D. H., Fricke, B.
(2004). Camelysin Is a Novel Surface Metalloproteinase from Bacillus cereus. Infect. Immun.
72: 219-228
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hurtle, W., Bode, E., Kulesh, D. A., Kaplan, R. S., Garrison, J., Bridge, D., House, M., Frye, M. S., Loveless, B., Norwood, D.
(2004). Detection of the Bacillus anthracis gyrA Gene by Using a Minor Groove Binder Probe. J. Clin. Microbiol.
42: 179-185
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Zhang, R., Zhang, C.-T.
(2003). Identification of genomic islands in the genome of Bacillus cereus by comparative analysis with Bacillus anthracis. Physiol. Genomics
16: 19-23
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Pomerantsev, A. P., Kalnin, K. V., Osorio, M., Leppla, S. H.
(2003). Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C and Sphingomyelinase Activities in Bacteria of the Bacillus cereus Group. Infect. Immun.
71: 6591-6606
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Chada, V. G. R., Sanstad, E. A., Wang, R., Driks, A.
(2003). Morphogenesis of Bacillus Spore Surfaces. J. Bacteriol.
185: 6255-6261
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hurtle, W., Bode, E., Kaplan, R. S., Garrison, J., Kearney, B., Shoemaker, D., Henchal, E., Norwood, D.
(2003). Use of Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography To Identify Bacillus anthracis by Analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA Interspacer Region and gyrA Gene. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 4758-4766
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Chang, Y.-H., Shangkuan, Y.-H., Lin, H.-C., Liu, H.-W.
(2003). PCR Assay of the groEL Gene for Detection and Differentiation of Bacillus cereus Group Cells. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
69: 4502-4510
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ariel, N., Zvi, A., Makarova, K. S., Chitlaru, T., Elhanany, E., Velan, B., Cohen, S., Friedlander, A. M., Shafferman, A.
(2003). Genome-Based Bioinformatic Selection of Chromosomal Bacillus anthracis Putative Vaccine Candidates Coupled with Proteomic Identification of Surface-Associated Antigens. Infect. Immun.
71: 4563-4579
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Verheust, C., Jensen, G., Mahillon, J.
(2003). pGIL01, a linear tectiviral plasmid prophage originating from Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis. Microbiology
149: 2083-2092
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ko, K. S., Kim, J.-M., Kim, J.-W., Jung, B. Y., Kim, W., Kim, I. J., Kook, Y.-H.
(2003). Identification of Bacillus anthracis by rpoB Sequence Analysis and Multiplex PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol.
41: 2908-2914
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Xu, D., Cote, J.-C.
(2003). Phylogenetic relationships between Bacillus species and related genera inferred from comparison of 3' end 16S rDNA and 5' end 16S-23S ITS nucleotide sequences. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.
53: 695-704
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Radnedge, L., Agron, P. G., Hill, K. K., Jackson, P. J., Ticknor, L. O., Keim, P., Andersen, G. L.
(2003). Genome Differences That Distinguish Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
69: 2755-2764
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Bourgogne, A., Drysdale, M., Hilsenbeck, S. G., Peterson, S. N., Koehler, T. M.
(2003). Global Effects of Virulence Gene Regulators in a Bacillus anthracis Strain with Both Virulence Plasmids. Infect. Immun.
71: 2736-2743
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Fedhila, S., Gohar, M., Slamti, L., Nel, P., Lereclus, D.
(2003). The Bacillus thuringiensis PlcR-Regulated Gene inhA2 Is Necessary, but Not Sufficient, for Virulence. J. Bacteriol.
185: 2820-2825
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Berger, B. J., English, S., Chan, G., Knodel, M. H.
(2003). Methionine Regeneration and Aminotransferases in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis. J. Bacteriol.
185: 2418-2431
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Rowan, N. J., Caldow, G., Gemmell, C. G., Hunter, I. S.
(2003). Production of Diarrheal Enterotoxins and Other Potential Virulence Factors by Veterinary Isolates of Bacillus Species Associated with Nongastrointestinal Infections. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
69: 2372-2376
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Chen, Y., Succi, J., Tenover, F. C., Koehler, T. M.
(2003). {beta}-Lactamase Genes of the Penicillin-Susceptible Bacillus anthracis Sterne Strain. J. Bacteriol.
185: 823-830
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Hathout, Y., Setlow, B., Cabrera-Martinez, R.-M., Fenselau, C., Setlow, P.
(2003). Small, Acid-Soluble Proteins as Biomarkers in Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Bacillus Spores. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
69: 1100-1107
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Cherif, A., Borin, S., Rizzi, A., Ouzari, H., Boudabous, A., Daffonchio, D.
(2003). Bacillus anthracis Diverges from Related Clades of the Bacillus cereus Group in 16S-23S Ribosomal DNA Intergenic Transcribed Spacers Containing tRNA Genes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
69: 33-40
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ariel, N., Zvi, A., Grosfeld, H., Gat, O., Inbar, Y., Velan, B., Cohen, S., Shafferman, A.
(2002). Search for Potential Vaccine Candidate Open Reading Frames in the Bacillus anthracis Virulence Plasmid pXO1: In Silico and In Vitro Screening. Infect. Immun.
70: 6817-6827
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Ghelardi, E., Celandroni, F., Salvetti, S., Beecher, D. J., Gominet, M., Lereclus, D., Wong, A. C. L., Senesi, S.
(2002). Requirement of flhA for Swarming Differentiation, Flagellin Export, and Secretion of Virulence-Associated Proteins in Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Bacteriol.
184: 6424-6433
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Oggioni, M. R., Meacci, F., Carattoli, A., Ciervo, A., Orru, G., Cassone, A., Pozzi, G.
(2002). Protocol for Real-Time PCR Identification of Anthrax Spores from Nasal Swabs after Broth Enrichment. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 3956-3963
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Fedhila, S., Msadek, T., Nel, P., Lereclus, D.
(2002). Distinct clpP Genes Control Specific Adaptive Responses in Bacillus thuringiensis. J. Bacteriol.
184: 5554-5562
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Jensen, G. B., Larsen, P., Jacobsen, B. L., Madsen, B., Smidt, L., Andrup, L.
(2002). Bacillus thuringiensis in Fecal Samples from Greenhouse Workers after Exposure to B. thuringiensis-Based Pesticides. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
68: 4900-4905
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Callegan, M. C., Cochran, D. C., Kane, S. T., Gilmore, M. S., Gominet, M., Lereclus, D.
(2002). Contribution of Membrane-Damaging Toxins to Bacillus Endophthalmitis Pathogenesis. Infect. Immun.
70: 5381-5389
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Lee, S. J., Park, S.-Y., Lee, J.-J., Yum, D.-Y., Koo, B.-T., Lee, J.-K.
(2002). Genes Encoding the N-Acyl Homoserine Lactone-Degrading Enzyme Are Widespread in Many Subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
68: 3919-3924
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Bell, C. A., Uhl, J. R., Hadfield, T. L., David, J. C., Meyer, R. F., Smith, T. F., Cockerill III, F. R.
(2002). Detection of Bacillus anthracis DNA by LightCycler PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol.
40: 2897-2902
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Barlass, P. J., Houston, C. W., Clements, M. O., Moir, A.
(2002). Germination of Bacillus cereus spores in response to L-alanine and to inosine: the roles of gerL and gerQ operons. Microbiology
148: 2089-2095
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
Vilas-Boas, G., Sanchis, V., Lereclus, D., Lemos, M. V. F., Bourguet, D.
(2002). Genetic Differentiation between Sympatric Populations of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
68: 1414-1424
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
-
DANCER, S.J., McNAIR, D., FINN, P., KOLSTO, A-B.
(2002). Bacillus cereus cellulitis from contaminated heroin. J Med Microbiol
51: 278-281
[Abstract]
[Full Text]