INTRODUCTION

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Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase; EC 2.4.1.19) plays a role in the starch utilization pathway of some bacteria (2) and catalyzes various glucan transfer reactions with starch. The action of CGTase starts with the cleavage of one -1,4-linkage within the glucan molecule. The newly produced reducing end is then transferred either to the nonreducing end of another molecule (disproportionation reaction) or to its own nonreducing end (cyclization reaction). CGTase also catalyzes the reverse reaction of cyclization, in which cycloamylose is opened by the enzyme and a linearized fragment is transferred to an acceptor (coupling reaction). At a certain frequency, the newly produced reducing end is transferred not to a carbohydrate acceptor but rather to a water molecule, which results in either the hydrolysis of amylose or the linearization of cycloamyloses (hydrolytic reaction).

CGTase was first observed to be produced by Bacillus macerans (31) and has since been found in many bacteria (5, 9, 26, 32). All CGTases produce mainly cycloamyloses with degrees of polymerization (DP) of 6, 7, and 8 (CD6, CD7, and CD8), which are generally called -, -, and -cyclomaltodextrin, at equilibrium but with different product specificities (i.e., different amounts of CD6, CD7, and CD8). These cyclomaltodextrins can complex various inorganic or organic compounds in their hydrophobic central cavities (20). Therefore, these cyclomaltodextrins are widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries (21, 24). Since each cyclomaltodextrin has a distinct spectrum for guest molecules (13), extensive studies have been carried out to understand the mechanism of the cyclization reaction (1, 16, 17, 22, 25, 33-35) and to find or engineer CGTases to produce specific types of cyclomaltodextrin (18, 23, 36-38).

Although CD6, CD7, and CD8 are its main products at equilibrium, CGTase also produces larger cycloamyloses with DP of from 9 to more than 60 (30). Therefore, to understand the reaction mechanism of CGTase, these larger cycloamyloses must also be considered. Recently, we established a method for quantifying CD6 to CD31 by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) and showed that this method could be useful for understanding the cyclization reaction of CGTase (10). In the present study, this method was used to investigate the actions of three different CGTases: CGTase from B. macerans (Bmac CGTase), which produces mainly CD6 (4); CGTase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain A2-5a (A2-5a CGTase), which produces mainly CD7 (11); and CGTase from Bacillus stearothermophilus (Bste CGTase), which produces nearly equal amounts of CD6 and CD7 (4). Based on our findings, we propose a model of how cycloamyloses are produced by these CGTases.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Chemicals and enzymes. Synthetic amyloses with average molecular masses of 110 and 30 kDa (amyloses AS-110 and AS-30) were purchased from Nakano Vinegar Co., Ltd. (Aichi, Japan). Glucoamylase from Rhizopus sp. was purchased from Toyobo Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), and -amylase from porcine pancreas was purchased from Sigma. CGTases from the alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain A2-5a (11) and B. macerans (4) were purified to homogeneity. Purified CGTase from B. stearothermophilus was obtained from Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories Inc. (Okayama, Japan). A cycloamylose mixture containing CD22 to CD50 was prepared from synthetic amylose by amylomaltase from Thermus aquaticus ATCC 33923, as previously described (29). Unless otherwise specified, all chemicals were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).

General CGTase assay (iodine method). The activity of CGTase was assayed using amylose AS-30 as a substrate by measuring the decrease in iodine-staining power. Amylose AS-30 (0.2 g) was dissolved in 10 ml of 90% (vol/vol) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A reaction mixture (100 µl) containing 25 µl of amylose solution, 5 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5), and CGTase was incubated at 40°C for 10 min. To this reaction mixture was added 2 ml of 0.01% I₂ and 0.1% KI in 3.8 mM HCl, and the absorbance at 660 nm was measured. One unit of enzyme was defined as the amount of the enzyme that produced a 1% reduction in A₆₆₀ per min under the conditions described.

Coupling (transglycosidic linearization) activity. To assay the coupling activity of CGTase, cycloamylose and glucose were used as the donor and acceptor substrates, respectively. In the coupling reaction, cycloamyloses are linearized and then transferred to glucose to produce maltodextrins and amylose. As a result, the amount of glucose is reduced. Therefore, the coupling activity was assayed by measuring the decrease in the amount of glucose. A reaction mixture (100 µl) containing 0.5% (wt/vol) of a donor substrate, 0.02% (wt/vol) glucose, and CGTase in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) was incubated at 40°C for 10 min and then boiled for 10 min to terminate the reaction. The amount of glucose in the reaction mixture was measured by the glucose oxidase method (15). One unit of enzyme was defined as the amount of the enzyme that reduced 1 µmol of glucose per min.

Hydrolytic activity. The hydrolytic activity of CGTase was assayed by measuring the increase in reducing power using -, -, and -cyclomaltodextrin and a cycloamylose mixture as a substrate. A reaction mixture (100 µl) containing 0.5% (wt/vol) cycloamylose and CGTase in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5) was incubated at 40°C for 10 min and then boiled for 10 min to terminate the reaction. The reducing power of the reaction mixture was determined by a modified Park-Johnson method (28). One unit of enzyme was defined as the amount of the enzyme that produced reducing power equal to 1 µmol of glucose per min.

HPAEC. To analyze the prolonged and initial reactions of CGTase, HPAEC was carried out using a BioLC 4000i system (Dionex Corp., Sunnyvale, Calif.) with a pulsed amperometric detector (model PAD-II; Dionex) and using a DX-300 system (Dionex) with a pulsed amperometric detector (model PED-II; Dionex), respectively. The column was a CarboPac PA-100 (4 by 250 mm; Dionex). A sample (25 µl), containing maltopentaose (G5) as an internal standard, was injected and eluted with a linear gradient of sodium nitrate (0 to 2 min, 8 mM; 2 to 22 min, increasing from 8 to 16 mM; 22 to 38 min, increasing from 16 to 18 mM; 38 to 49 min, increasing from 18 to 36 mM; 49 to 69 min, increasing from 36 to 56 mM; 69 to 80 min, increasing from 56 to 64 mM; and 80 to 85 min, increasing from 64 to 200 mM) in 150 mM NaOH with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. CD6 to CD31 were quantified as described previously (10).

Analysis of CGTase action on amylose. Amylose AS-110 (0.2 g) was dissolved in 10 ml of 90% (vol/vol) DMSO. To remove the DMSO, 0.5 ml of amylose solution was mixed with 0.5 ml of distilled water and loaded on a PD-10 column (7.6 by 50 mm; Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden). After the column was washed with 2 ml of distilled water, the amylose was eluted with 1.5 ml of distilled water and then used immediately. To avoid retrogradation of the amylose, all procedures were conducted at 80°C. A reaction mixture (2 ml) containing 170 U of CGTase (1.8 µg of A2-5a CGTase, 0.47 µg of Bmac CGTase, and 1.5 µg of Bste CGTase) and 0.72 ml of amylose solution was incubated at 40°C, and the reaction was then terminated by boiling the solution for 10 min. The reaction mixture (200 µl) was incubated with glucoamylase (5.4 U) or glucoamylase (5.4 U) and -amylase (0.78 U) at 40°C for 3 h. After the reaction was terminated by boiling the solution for 5 min, the released glucose was measured by the glucose oxidase method (15). The amount of total cycloamylose was calculated by subtracting the amount of glucose released by glucoamylase from that released by glucoamylase and -amylase. The reducing power of the reaction mixture was measured by a modified Park-Johnson method (28) before glucoamylase treatment. The amounts of cycloamyloses were quantified by HPAEC.

	RESULTS

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Overview of the actions of three different CGTases on amylose. Amylose AS-110 was incubated with 170 U of A2-5a CGTase (1.8 µg), Bmac CGTase (0.47 µg), and Bste CGTase (1.5 µg), and the amounts of cycloamyloses and the reducing powers of the reaction mixtures were measured (Fig. 1). The amount of total cycloamylose produced by A2-5a CGTase and Bmac CGTase increased similarly with time and reached more than 80% at 3 h (Fig. 1A and B). However, Bste CGTase produced cycloamylose at a lower initial rate and with a lower yield than the other two enzymes (Fig. 1C). On the other hand, the reducing power was highest in the reaction mixture of Bste CGTase and lowest in that of Bmac CGTase (Fig. 1).

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1.   Time course of the amount of cycloamyloses and the reducing power produced by the action of CGTases. The total amount of cycloamyloses (solid squares) and cyclomaltodextrins (CD6, CD7, and CD8) (solid circles) were determined after glucoamylase treatment of the reaction mixtures of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain A2-5a (A), B. macerans (B), and B. stearothermophilus (C). The amount of cycloamyloses with DP of more than 9 (solid triangles) were calculated by subtracting the amount of cyclomaltodextrins from the total cycloamyloses. The reducing power (open diamonds) when all of the amylose was broken down to glucose was defined as 100%.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2.   HPAEC analysis of cycloamyloses produced by the action of CGTases. Amylose AS-110 (0.2% [wt/vol]) was incubated with 85 U of CGTases/ml from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain A2-5a (A), B. macerans (B), and B. stearothermophilus (C), and the reactions were terminated periodically. Cycloamyloses in each reaction mixture (25 µl) were analyzed by HPAEC. The number above each peak indicates the DP of cycloamyloses. G5 indicates maltopentaose (500 pmol) added as an internal standard.

Initial actions of CGTases on amylose. To further investigate the initial reactions of CGTases on amylose, similar experiments were carried out with decreased enzyme activity and a shorter incubation period, and the amount of each cycloamylose (CD6 to CD31) was quantified by HPAEC (Fig. 3). Under these reaction conditions, cycloamyloses larger than CD9 (up to more than CD50) were detected, even in the reaction mixture of Bste CGTase, indicating that, similar to the other two CGTases, Bste CGTase can produce larger cycloamyloses. At this stage in the reaction, the amounts of each cycloamylose in the reaction mixtures of all three CGTases increased simultaneously (Fig. 3). As a result, the relative ratios of cycloamyloses were nearly constant throughout the reaction period (Fig. 4). These results clearly demonstrate the product specificity of CGTase in the cyclization reaction. A2-5a CGTase produced cycloamyloses from CD6 to CD31, except for CD7, at similar rates, while CD7 was produced at a rate about 10 times higher than the others (Fig. 4A). Surprisingly, neither CD6 nor CD8 was preferentially produced by this enzyme, although they accumulated significantly as final products. Similar results were obtained with Bmac CGTase, in that CD6 was produced at a rate about 34 times higher than the others (Fig. 4B). On the other hand, the product specificity of Bste CGTase was not limited to just one cyclomaltodextrin, and CD6 and CD7 were produced at rates about 12 and 3 times higher than those of the other cycloamyloses (Fig. 4C).

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3.   Time course of the amounts of cycloamyloses with DP of from 6 to 31. Amylose AS-110 (0.15% [wt/vol]) was incubated with CGTases from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain A2-5a (13.5 U/ml) (A), B. macerans (16.1 U/ml) (B), and B. stearothermophilus (13.0 U/ml) (C) for 20 (open bars), 40 (light shaded bars), 60 (dark shaded bars), and 80 (solid bars) min, respectively. Cycloamyloses with DP of from 6 to 31 were separately quantified by HPAEC.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4.   Relative molar ratios of cycloamyloses with DP of from 6 to 31 produced by the action of CGTases. The values are shown as molar ratios relative to the amount of cycloamylose with a DP of 12 and represent the average relative molar ratios of 20-, 40-, 60-, and 80-min reactions of CGTase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain A2-5a (A), B. macerans (B), and B. stearothermophilus (C) shown in Fig. 3.

Actions of CGTases on cycloamylose. The coupling and hydrolytic activities of the three CGTases were measured using different cycloamylose substrates (Table 2), i.e., cyclomaltodextrins (CD6, CD7, and CD8) and a cycloamylose mixture containing CD22 to CD50. With all three enzymes, the cycloamylose mixture was a far better substrate than cyclomaltodextrins in both the coupling and hydrolytic reactions. Among the cyclomaltodextrins, CD7 and CD8 were particularly poor substrates with all three enzymes. Among the three enzymes, Bste CGTase showed the highest linearization activities, which could be attributed to the difficulty of detecting larger cycloamyloses under the reaction conditions shown in Fig. 1 and 2. This substrate specificity in the coupling and hydrolytic reactions has not been reported but should be an important factor in determining the composition of the cycloamylose product, especially in the conversion of larger cycloamyloses into smaller cycloamyloses during prolonged incubation.

	DISCUSSION

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CGTases convert -1,4-glucans (starch and its components) into a mixture of CD6, CD7, and CD8, and the compositions of the products vary with the particular CGTase used (4, 9, 32). It had been generally believed that such product specificity was primarily determined by the frequency of the attack of the CGTase at the sixth, seventh, or eighth glucosidic linkage from the nonreducing end of an -1,4-glucan substrate, like an exo-type enzyme. However, we demonstrated in a previous paper that this model is unlikely, since the composition of cycloamyloses changes drastically, from large cycloamyloses with DP of more than 60 into smaller cycloamyloses, as the reaction progresses (30). In the present study, we investigated the actions of three different CGTases on amylose and determined whether there were any differences in their specificities, and we found that not only the compositions of CD6, CD7, and CD8 under equilibrium conditions but also the courses of their production were different (Fig. 1 and 2). CGTase can catalyze various glucan transfer reactions with starch, i.e., cyclization and disproportionation reactions of linear glucans, the coupling reaction of cycloamyloses, and hydrolysis. Among these reactions, the factors that directly determine the composition of cycloamyloses are the product specificity of the cyclization reaction and the substrate specificity of the linearization reaction, including the coupling and hydrolytic reactions of cycloamyloses (Fig. 5).

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5.   Schematic diagram of the cyclization reaction of CGTase with amylose. A model for the reactions of CGTase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain A2-5a is shown. The right and left arrows indicate cyclization and coupling reactions, respectively, and the relative width of each arrow represents the relative rate of the reaction. , -1,4 linkages attacked by CGTase to produce cycloamyloses (the relative size represents the relative rate of the cyclization reaction shown in Fig. 4); , glucosyl residue; , glucosyl residue with a reducing end.

The product specificities of these three CGTases are clearly shown in Fig. 4. A2-5a CGTase and Bmac CGTase primarily cleave the seventh and sixth glucosidic linkages. This substrate recognition seems to be very strict, since neighboring linkages (e.g., the sixth and eighth linkages with A2-5a CGTase) were not preferred by either enzyme. In addition to this strict substrate recognition, these CGTases also showed extreme randomness in substrate recognition, which resulted in the accumulation of larger cycloamyloses (from CD8 to more than CD31) at a constant molar ratio (Fig. 4). This random attack by CGTases is also supported by an analysis of their actions on fluorescently labeled soluble starch (8). We think that this specificity and randomness in glucosidic linkage recognition are the most important factors in determining the composition of cycloamyloses (Fig. 5).

As the reaction progressed, the larger cycloamyloses that were initially produced were converted into smaller cycloamyloses with all three CGTases studied. For this conversion, larger cycloamyloses should first be linearized by either a coupling or a hydrolytic reaction; CD7 and CD8 are extremely poor substrates for both reactions compared to mixtures of larger cycloamyloses (Table 2). Thus, among the initial cyclization reaction products, larger cycloamyloses are selectively subjected to the linearization reaction (Fig. 5), and the linear amyloses produced are cyclized again into cycloamyloses as described above. On the other hand, cyclomaltodextrins, especially CD7 and CD8, were virtually nonreactive in these linearization and cyclization reactions. Repetition of the cyclization reaction and the linearization reaction is the principal mechanism whereby large cycloamyloses are converted into smaller cyclomaltodextrins, resulting in the final equilibrium composition of cyclomaltodextrins (Fig. 2).

Although the three CGTases probably use a common mechanism for the conversion of larger cycloamyloses into smaller ones, the rates of this conversion were surprisingly different, especially for Bste CGTase versus the other two CGTases (Fig. 1 and 2). It is likely that this difference is due to the extent of the hydrolytic reaction. Among the three CGTases studied, Bste CGTase showed the highest hydrolytic activity (Fig. 1 and Tables 1 and 2). Hydrolytic activity leads to the net degradation of -1,4-glucan and to an increase in the number of acceptor molecules for the coupling reaction, both of which should contribute to the acceleration of the conversion of larger cycloamyloses into smaller cycloamyloses. On the other hand, the hydrolytic activities of A2-5a CGTase and Bmac CGTase were nearly the same (Tables 1 and 2). However, the activity to reduce the iodine-staining power of Bmac CGTase (362 kU/mg) was higher than that of A2-5a CGTase (94.8 kU/mg) and also that of Bste CGTase (110 kU/mg). Therefore, since the amount of enzyme protein in the reaction mixture shown in Fig. 1 and 2 (85 U/ml) for Bmac CGTase was lower than that for A2-5a CGTase, the hydrolytic activity in the reaction mixture of Bmac CGTase was lower than those of A2-5a CGTase, which leads to the lower rate of conversion of larger cycloamyloses into smaller cycloamyloses of Bmac CGTase. Although there are other CGTases with different product specificities of cyclomaltodextrins compared to those of the three CGTases described here, we believe that the model presented in Fig. 5 can explain the reactions of other CGTases.

Although CGTase is considered a typical glucan transferase, it can also catalyze the hydrolytic reaction at the same active site through the same catalytic mechanism as that of the transglycosylation reaction (33). The reaction specificity (the ratio of transglycosylation to hydrolysis) is expected to be determined by the active-site structure and environment of each CGTase and should vary from one enzyme to another. Accurate measurement of the reaction specificity of each CGTase is of great interest, but it is difficult, since it is not possible to assay the disproportionation activity with amylose. However, our results shown in Tables 1 and 2 provide information for understanding the reaction specificity of CGTases. In Table 2, we used cycloamylose as a donor and glucose as an acceptor, in which case CGTase catalyzes only the coupling reaction as a transglycosylation reaction. With all three CGTases, maximum coupling and hydrolytic activities were obtained with CD22 and larger molecules. Surprisingly, the coupling activities of A2-5a CGTase, Bmac CGTase, and Bste CGTase were only 3.1, 5.4, and 1.6 times higher than their respective hydrolytic activities. Moreover, as shown in Table 1, the hydrolytic activities of all three CGTases were higher than the cyclization activities for producing CD6 to CD31. Note that the cyclization activities presented in Table 1 are underestimates: while all of these CGTases produced CD32 and larger, the activities for producing them are not considered in the cyclization activity shown. This discrepancy notwithstanding, these results strongly suggest that the hydrolytic activity of CGTase is not negligible. This contradiction is probably due to a previous underestimate of the hydrolytic activity of CGTases. Hydrolytic activity was measured either with cyclomaltodextrins as substrates or with soluble starch, but at the stage when most cycloamyloses were converted into cyclomaltodextrins. It is apparent from the present work that cyclomaltodextrins are very poor substrates for the hydrolytic reaction with CGTase.

These results raise the question of whether CGTase is really a typical glucan transferase. Amylomaltase (D-enzyme; EC 2.4.1.25) is a similar glucan transferase and also catalyzes the cyclization reaction of -1,4-glucan to produce cycloamyloses. Both enzymes belong to the -amylase family and are expected to follow the same catalytic mechanism. Despite this similarity, amylomaltase and CGTase differ in several respects. The smallest cycloamyloses produced by amylomaltase from T. aquaticus and potato are CD22 and CD17, respectively, and CD6, CD7, and CD8 are never produced (27, 29). CGTase seems to be able to recognize six or seven glucosyl units to produce a specific type of cycloamylose, but this is not the case for amylomaltase, which randomly produces cycloamylose. The hydrolytic activity of amylomaltase is much lower than that of CGTases (our unpublished results). Thus, a comparison of CGTase with amylomaltase should provide various useful pieces of information. In addition to the structure of CGTases (3, 6, 7, 12, 14), the crystal structure of amylomaltase from T. aquaticus (19) has recently become available. These results should contribute to our understanding of the actions of these enzymes.