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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2008, p. 3319-3320, Vol. 74, No. 10
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02623-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Comparison of Transcription-Mediated Amplification and Growth-Based Methods for the Quantitation of Enterococcus Bacteria in Environmental Waters{triangledown}

Ceri A. Morris,1* A. Denene Blackwood,2 Marek Kirs,2 Neil D. Buttigieg,1 Rhian R. Morgan,1 James J. Hogan,3 Ian Weeks,1 and Rachel T. Noble2

MLT Research Ltd., 5 Chiltern Close, Cardiff CF14 5DL, United Kingdom,1 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557,2 Gen-Probe Incorporated, 10210 Genetic Center Drive, San Diego, California 921213

Received 20 November 2007/ Accepted 23 March 2008


   ABSTRACT
Top
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 Conclusion.
 REFERENCES
 
An assay based on transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) technology was used to quantitate Enterococcus fecal indicator bacteria in environmental water samples. The results generated by this and two growth-based methods relative to the 104 most-probable-number or CFU-per-100-ml threshold show that the three methods are in good qualitative agreement when tested against a range of water samples taken from different locations. The results demonstrate sensitive and rapid detection (approximately 4 h from sample collection to result) and quantitation of Enterococcus bacteria compared to the results with the growth-based methods.


   INTRODUCTION
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
Conclusion.
 REFERENCES
 
Enterococcus is the recommended fecal indicator bacterium for monitoring the presence of fecal contamination in recreational waters (5). Standards for the maximum acceptable level of Enterococcus bacteria in recreational waters have been established by the U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). The most common single-sample standard used for managing recreational waters is 104 most probable number (MPN) or CFU per 100 ml. Presently, most regulatory agencies worldwide use traditional growth-based tests, such as membrane filtration and multiple-tube fermentation, for the detection and quantitation of fecal indicator bacteria in water samples. These tests typically require 18 to 24 h to yield results.

This report describes a rapid test for the quantitation of Enterococcus rRNA that yields a result within 4 h. The method involves filtration of the water sample, lysis of the target organism, and purification of rRNA using magnetic-particle target capture, followed by amplification of the purified rRNA using transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) technology. Homogeneous, real-time detection of amplicons is achieved by using a fluorescent oligonucleotide probe.

TMA technology is both isothermal and rapid. This assay allows highly sensitive and specific quantitation using a standard curve to derive the equivalent of CFU-per-100-ml values. The assay does not detect nonenterococcal organisms that are known to cause false-positive results in some of the U.S. EPA-approved growth-based methods (2) or Enterococcus species that are underrepresented in human feces (3).

The optimization and development of the TMA method for the detection of Enterococcus deliberately spiked into seawater have been described previously (3), and the present study expands on this research to apply the method to a wide range of ambient environmental water samples. The goal of this study was to compare the results obtained with the TMA assay to results obtained with two of the most commonly used reference methods for quantitation of Enterococcus bacteria in water samples, Enterolert (Idexx Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME) and U.S. EPA method 1600 (6), in estuarine, brackish, and storm water samples.

Different types of water samples were collected to obtain samples with various Enterococcus concentrations, environmental parameters, ionic characteristics, and high-molecular-weight organic matter levels. In total, 77 water samples were collected from a variety of sites in North Carolina, the United States, during different seasons. Water samples were collected from several geographic locations and depths on the Neuse River Estuary, along with water samples from nearby creeks and storm drains (n = 55). Storm water samples (n = 22) were included to have samples with expected higher Enterococcus concentrations.

Samples were collected and filtered as prescribed by U.S. EPA method 1600 (6). For the TMA assay, each water sample (100 ml) was filtered and extracted in triplicate and each extract was subsequently amplified in triplicate, yielding nine results per original water sample (3). The Enterolert assay (results reported in MPN per 100 ml) and U.S. EPA method 1600 (reported in CFU per 100 ml) were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (4) and according to U.S. EPA guidelines (6), respectively. The sensitivities and specificities of the TMA assay and the Enterolert assay were estimated by comparing the test results to the U.S. EPA method 1600 results. In this study, the U.S. EPA-recommended threshold of 104 MPN or CFU per 100 ml of water (1) for a single sample was used to define a sample as positive or negative, though the method is applicable to any threshold determined by a given authority.

A series of solutions of purified Enterococcus faecalis rRNA (1 to 1,000,000 fg) were assayed in triplicate with the TMA assay with every experiment to create a standard curve. Interassay regression parameters and precision data for 12 curves are shown in Table 1. The standard curve for each experiment was used to estimate the amount of rRNA per amplification reaction. In the first instance, environmental samples were collected from Neuse creek (n = 8) and measured using TMA, Enterolert, and U.S. EPA method 1600. Where Enterolert and the U.S. EPA method gave the same qualitative results (positive or negative against the 104 CFU threshold), the data were used to calculate a conversion factor. One CFU per 100 ml of Enterococcus bacteria corresponded to 5 fg of rRNA per reaction, which was in reasonable agreement with the conversion factor previously generated from laboratory-generated samples (1 CFU per 100 ml corresponded to 3 fg rRNA per reaction) (3). This factor was subsequently used to convert femtograms to CFU per 100 ml. TMA and U.S. EPA method 1600 results of <10 CFU were assigned a value of 10 to be consistent with the stated lower limit of quantitation of the Enterolert assay (when using the manufacturer-recommended 1:10 dilution).


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  		TABLE 1. Interassay regression parameters and precision data for 12 TMA assay standard curvesa

 
In the 55 water samples from estuarine and brackish waters, the Enterococcus concentrations ranged from 10 to 2,867 CFU per 100 ml with a mean value of 92 CFU per 100 ml (as determined by U.S. EPA method 1600). In the 22 storm water samples, the Enterococcus concentrations ranged from 10 to 57,000 CFU per 100 ml with a mean value of 12,659 CFU per 100 ml.

The U.S. EPA method 1600, TMA assay, and Enterolert assay qualitative results are summarized in Table 2. The sensitivity and specificity of the TMA assay were 91.7% (22/24) and 96.2% (51/53), respectively, giving an overall accuracy of 94.8% (73/77) (relative to the results of U.S. EPA method 1600). Enterolert demonstrated a sensitivity of 83.3% (20/24) and a specificity of 96.2% (51/53), giving an overall accuracy of 92.2% (71/77).


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  		TABLE 2. Summary of resultsa

 
The data were tested for normality using the D'Agostino and Pearson omnibus test and found to be nonparametric. Direct quantitative comparison of the TMA assay results to the Enterolert assay and U.S. EPA method 1600 data yielded Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r) values of 0.82 and 0.88, respectively. The comparison of the Enterolert assay and U.S. EPA method 1600 data gave an r value of 0.92 (Prism version 4.03).


   Conclusion.
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 Conclusion.
REFERENCES
 
Comparison of the results generated by the three methods relative to the 104 MPN or CFU-per-100-ml threshold shows that the three methods are in good qualitative agreement when tested against a range of environmental water sample types varying in salinity, depth, organic-matter constituents, and total suspended solids.

The data generated in this study were compared to the U.S. EPA method 1600 as the current gold-standard method; however, this method is reported to have between 6 and 26% false-positive results (2, 6), with Streptococceae species, such as S. bovis, and Aerococcus species appearing identical to Enterococcus on membrane-Enterococcus indoxyl-D-glucoside agar (6). The TMA assay has been reported previously to have a good analytical specificity and does not cross-react with the species that are known to cause false positives in the U.S. EPA method. The main advantages of the TMA assay are the rapid time to result (approximately 4 h) and the high level of analytical specificity (3). The data presented here show that TMA-based methods hold promise for use in the future to accurately quantify fecal indicator bacteria in recreational waters.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
This research was funded by a grant from Molecular Light Technology Research Limited, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom. MLT Research Ltd. is a subsidiary of Gen-Probe Incorporated.

All probes and primers were generously donated by Gen-Probe Incorporated, San Diego, CA.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Research and Development, MLT Research Ltd., 5 Chiltern Close, Cardiff Industrial Park, Cardiff CF14 5DL, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 (0)29 20747033. Fax: 44 (0)29 20747118. E-mail: ceri.morris{at}mltresearch.com Back

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 31 March 2008. Back


   REFERENCES
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 Conclusion.
 REFERENCES
 

  1. California Department of Health Services. 1999. Assembly Bill 411, Statutes of 1997, Chapter 765. California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, CA. http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ps/ddwem/beaches/ab411_1999report.htm.
  2. Ferguson, D. M., D. F. Moore, M. A. Getrich, and M. H. Zhowandai. 2005. Enumeration and specification of enterococci found in marine and intertidal sediments and coastal water in southern California. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:598-608.[CrossRef][Medline]
  3. Morgan, R. R., C. A. Morris, K. Livzey, J. Hogan, N. D. Buttigieg, R. Pollner, D. Kacian, and I. Weeks. 2007. Rapid tests for detection and quantitation of Enterococcus contamination in recreational waters. J. Environ. Monit. 9:424-426.[CrossRef][Medline]
  4. Noble, R. T., S. B. Weisberg, M. K. Leecaster, C. D. McGee, K. Ritter, K. O. Walker, and P. M. Vainik. 2003. Comparison of beach bacterial water quality indicator measurement methods. Environ. Monit. Assess. 81:301-312.[CrossRef][Medline]
  5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986. Ambient water quality criteria for bacteria. Office of Water, EPA 440/5-84-002. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
  6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2002. Method 1600: enterococci in water by membrane filtration using membrane-enterococcus indoxyl-D-glucoside agar (mEI). Office of Water, EPA-821-R-02-022. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2008, p. 3319-3320, Vol. 74, No. 10
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02623-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.




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