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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2008, p. 904-906, Vol. 74, No. 3
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00788-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Identification of β-Lactamase in Antibiotic-Resistant Bacillus cereus Spores

Catherine Fenselau,^1* Crystal Havey,¹ Nuttinee Teerakulkittipong,¹ Stephen Swatkoski,¹ Olli Laine,¹ and Nathan Edwards²

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,¹ Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742²

Received 9 April 2007/ Accepted 26 November 2007

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β-Lactamase type I is reported for the first time to occur in the sporulated form in a penicillin-resistant Bacillus species. The enzyme was readily characterized from the B. cereus 5/B line (ATCC 13061) by mass spectrometry and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

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A common cause of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an increased abundance of β-lactamases (10). This can be the result of genetic engineering (16), or it can be caused by the selection of resistant variants in the presence of antibiotics. β-Lactamase genes are found in the wild-type genomes of many bacteria, including Bacillus species. These chromosomal β-lactamases do not generally provide effective antibiotic resistance in wild-type bacilli, despite evidence that the genes are not completely silenced (1, 11, 14). Under antibiotic selection pressure, however, a number of strains show increased resistance, suggesting mutation-induced upregulation of β-lactamase expression. The Bacillus cereus 5/B line (ATCC 13061) is stably resistant to penicillin, having been selected by exposure to penicillin 5 decades ago (7, 18). Water-soluble β-lactamase type I has been reported to be expressed in high abundance in vegetative cells of this resistant strain and also to be secreted by the vegetative bacteria (19). The occurrence of β-lactamase in sporulated Bacillus species has been predicted by Saz (17). Terrorist or other antisocial distribution of Bacillus species (e.g., anthrax) selected for drug resistance would likely occur with spores, and B. cereus 5/B (ATCC 13061) is studied here as a model spore type.

The objectives of the present work are to interrogate the presence of β-lactamase in the sporulated form of stably resistant strain ATCC 13061 and to evaluate direct matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-time of flight analysis for rapid preliminary detection in spores of this indicator of antibiotic resistance. B. cereus T is used here as a control, since it is not resistant to penicillin.

Spores were prepared by following standard procedures (2, 4, 13, 15, 20). Purity was estimated by microscopic examination as >98%. Eight MALDI spectra obtained on a Shimadzu Biosciences Axima-CFR Plus MALDI-time of flight mass spectrometer (Columbia, MD) directly from spores of B. cereus ATCC 13061 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) (Fig. 1A) provided an average molecular mass of 31,129 Da ± 20 Da. No ions are detected in this mass range in the spectrum (Fig. 1B) acquired from the control sample, B. cereus T (obtained from H. O. Halvorson), by the use of a roughly equivalent number of spores.

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FIG. 1. Partial MALDI mass spectra obtained from spores of Bacillus cereus ATCC 13061 (A) and Bacillus cereus T (B).

The average molecular mass of unprocessed β-lactamase type I is calculated to be 33,597 Da. Consequently, peptide analysis was carried out to test the hypothesis that the molecular mass detected at around 31,100 Da belongs to a processed isoform of β-lactamase type I. Suspensions of spores of the two B. cereus strains were incubated in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions for 15 min, boiled in a water bath for 2 min, sonicated for 5 min, and centrifuged at 500 x g for 14 min. Eighty micrograms of protein from each supernatant was loaded onto a 15% Tris-HCl gel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA), developed in one dimension, and stained with Coomassie blue stain.

Figure 2 shows the one-dimensional (1-D) gel patterns of proteins recovered from ATCC 13061 (lanes 2 to 5) and B. cereus T (lanes 6 to 9) by the use of 2% SDS solution, 8 M urea, or treatment with aqueous lysozyme. A peak is detected at around 33,000 Da in the SDS and urea extracts from ATCC 13061, while none is detected in comparable extracts from B. cereus T. Artifactual contamination was considered a source for β-lactamase, possibly secreted by vegetative cells and adsorbed on the outside of the spores or originating from vegetative cell debris uncleared from the spores. This was checked by suspending the spores in 40% ethanol, 1% Triton X-100, or 1:1 40% formic acid-30% acetonitrile. After centrifugation, no protein was detected in the supernatants by 1-D gel electrophoresis.

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FIG. 2. Gel electrophoresis of extracts of spores of Bacillus cereus ATCC 13061 (lanes 2 to 5) and extracts of spores of Bacillus cereus T (lanes 6 to 9).

To support the relationship between the protein desorbed by MALDI from the intact spores and the band near 33,000 Da in the 1-D gel, the intact protein was recovered from the gel by following published methods (6, 12) and was characterized by MALDI analysis with a molecular mass at 31,119 ± 20 Da (spectrum not shown). This matches that of the protein desorbed directly from the spores, within experimental uncertainty.

The band of interest was subjected to in-gel digestion with trypsin (5). The peptides recovered were analyzed by collisionally induced dissociation in tandem mass spectrometry experiments using electrospray on a QStar Pulsar tandem mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The Mascot search engine (Matrix Science, London, United Kingdom) was used to search collisionally induced dissociation spectra against the Swiss-Prot prokaryote database. Table 1 summarizes the identification of eight peptides from ATCC 13061, all of which match tryptic peptides expected from β-lactamase type I or its precursor protein. The carboxyl-terminal peptide is identified; however, the amino-terminal peptide is not.

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TABLE 1. Peptides from in-gel digestion identified by MS-MS measurements

The average molecular mass observed, 31,129 ± 20 Da, falls between the mass of unprocessed β-lactamase type I predicted from its gene, 33,597 Da (Swiss-Prot accession no. P10424) (19), and the mass reported for processed β-lactamase type I (29,063 Da) secreted from recombinant B. subtilis vegetative cells (19). Cleavage between Leu-23 and Val-24 (Fig. 3) would provide a processed protein with an average mass of 31,135 Da, consistent with the mass measured here for β-lactamase type I isolated from sporulated penicillin-resistant B. cereus 5/B.

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FIG. 3. Sequence of β-lactamase type I precursor (Swiss-Prot accession no. P10424). The proposed cleavage is indicated by italics and underlining, while observed peptides are indicated by boldface and underlining.

The absence reported here of detectable amounts of β-lactamase type I in B. cereus T is consistent with recent proteomic-scale studies of proteins in other lactam-susceptible Bacillus spores (3, 8, 9) in which isoforms of β-lactamase were not observed.

The first four identified peptides listed in Table 1 are also found in β-lactamase type I proteins observed in vegetative B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis. This suggests that these peptides might form the basis of a hypothesis-driven approach to the detection of antibiotic resistance in sporulated forms of the entire B. cereus group. The sequence motif used by the PROSITE database (http://www.expasy.org/prosite/) to characterize proteins from the β-lactamase class A active-site protein family (PS00146) begins with Phe in the identified peptide FAFASTYK and continues through the middle of the adjacent identified peptide ALAAGVLLQQNSTK. The remaining four peptides of Table 1 are found only in B. cereus β-lactamase type I, which suggests that they could be used to provide species-specific identification of the bacterium expressing β-lactamase.

 
This work was supported in part by Public Health Service grant CA-126189 from the National Cancer Institute, USDA cooperative agreement 5812757342, a fellowship from the Fulbright Program for Foreign Graduates sponsored by the U.S. Department of State (N.T.), and a fellowship from the Helsingin Sanomat 100th Anniversary Foundation (O.L.).

 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742. Phone: (301) 405-8616. Fax: (301) 405-8615. E-mail: fenselau{at}umd.edu

Published ahead of print on 7 December 2007.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2008, p. 904-906, Vol. 74, No. 3
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00788-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Fenselau, C. Articles by Edwards, N. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Fenselau, C. Articles by Edwards, N. Agricola Articles by Fenselau, C. Articles by Edwards, N.