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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 1999, p. 198-205, Vol. 65, No. 1
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Changes in Quinone Profiles of Hot Spring Microbial Mats with a Thermal Gradient

Akira Hiraishi,1,* Taichi Umezawa,1 Hiroyuki Yamamoto,2 Kenji Kato,3 and Yonosuke Maki4

Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580,1 Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 216-8511,2 Laboratory of Biology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-0802,3 and Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550,4 Japan

Received 6 July 1998/Accepted 20 October 1998

The respiratory and photosynthetic quinones of microbial mats which occurred in Japanese sulfide-containing neutral-pH hot springs at different temperatures were analyzed by spectrochromatography and mass spectrometry. All of the microbial mats that developed at high temperatures (temperatures above 68°C) were so-called sulfur-turf bacterial mats and produced methionaquinones (MTKs) as the major quinones. A 78°C hot spring sediment had a similar quinone profile. Chloroflexus-mixed mats occurred at temperatures of 61 to 65°C and contained menaquinone 10 (MK-10) as the major component together with significant amounts of either MTKs or plastoquinone 9 (PQ-9). The sunlight-exposed biomats growing at temperatures of 45 to 56°C were all cyanobacterial mats, in which the photosynthetic quinones (PQ-9 and phylloquinone) predominated and MK-10 was the next most abundant component in most cases. Ubiquinones (UQs) were not found or were detected in only small amounts in the biomats growing at temperatures of 50°C and above, whereas the majority of the quinones of a purple photosynthetic mat growing at 34°C were UQs. A numerical analysis of the quinone profiles was performed by using the following three parameters: dissimilarity index (D), microbial divergence index (MDq), and bioenergetic divergence index (BDq). A D matrix tree analysis showed that the hot spring mats consisting of the sulfur-turf bacteria, Chloroflexus spp., cyanobacteria, and purple phototrophic bacteria formed distinct clusters. Analyses of MDq and BDq values indicated that the microbial diversity of hot spring mats decreased as the temperature of the environment increased. The changes in quinone profiles and physiological types of microbial mats in hot springs with thermal gradients are discussed from evolutionary viewpoints.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Ecological Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Tenpaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan. Phone: 81-532-44-6913. Fax: 81-532-44-6929. E-mail: hiraishi{at}eco.tut.ac.jp.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 1999, p. 198-205, Vol. 65, No. 1
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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