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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 1999, p. 1924-1929, Vol. 65, No. 5
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Combinations of Intervention Treatments Resulting in 5-Log10-Unit Reductions in Numbers of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium DT104 Organisms in Apple Cider

Heidi E. Uljas and Steven C. Ingham*

Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin---Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706

Received 11 November 1998/Accepted 10 February 1999

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently mandated a warning statement on packaged fruit juices not treated to reduce target pathogen populations by 5 log10 units. This study describes combinations of intervention treatments that reduced concentrations of mixtures of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (strains ATCC 43895, C7927, and USDA-FSIS-380-94) or Salmonella typhimurium DT104 (DT104b, U302, and DT104) by 5 log10 units in apple cider with a pH of 3.3, 3.7, and 4.1. Treatments used were short-term storage at 4, 25, or 35°C and/or freeze-thawing (48 h at -20°C; 4 h at 4°C) of cider with or without added organic acids (0.1% lactic acid, sorbic acid [SA], or propionic acid). Treatments more severe than those for S. typhimurium DT104 were always required to destroy E. coli O157:H7. In pH 3.3 apple cider, a 5-log10-unit reduction in E. coli O157:H7 cell numbers was achieved by freeze-thawing or 6-h 35°C treatments. In pH 3.7 cider the 5-log10-unit reduction followed freeze-thawing combined with either 6 h at 4°C, 2 h at 25°C, or 1 h at 35°C or 6 h at 35°C alone. A 5-log10-unit reduction occurred in pH 4.1 cider after the following treatments: 6 h at 35°C plus freeze-thawing, SA plus 12 h at 25°C plus freeze-thawing, SA plus 6 h at 35°C, and SA plus 4 h at 35°C plus freeze-thawing. Yeast and mold counts did not increase significantly (P < 0.05) during the 6-h storage at 35°C. Cider with no added organic acids treated with either 6 h at 35°C, freeze-thawing or their combination was always preferred by consumers over pasteurized cider (P < 0.05). The simple, inexpensive intervention treatments described in the present work could produce safe apple cider without pasteurization and would not require the FDA-mandated warning statement.


* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin---Madison, 1605 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706. Phone: (608) 265-4801. Fax: (608) 262-6872. E-mail: scingham{at}facstaff.wisc.edu.


Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 1999, p. 1924-1929, Vol. 65, No. 5
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Ravva, S. V., Korn, A. (2007). Extractable Organic Components and Nutrients in Wastewater from Dairy Lagoons Influence the Growth and Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 2191-2198 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Barak, J. D., Whitehand, L. C., Charkowski, A. O. (2002). Differences in Attachment of Salmonella enterica Serovars and Escherichia coli O157:H7 to Alfalfa Sprouts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 4758-4763 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Uljas, H. E., Schaffner, D. W., Duffy, S., Zhao, L., Ingham, S. C. (2001). Modeling of Combined Processing Steps for Reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Populations in Apple Cider. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 133-141 [Abstract] [Full Text]