This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Kuczynska, E.
Right arrow Articles by Shelton, D. R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Kuczynska, E.
Right arrow Articles by Shelton, D. R.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Kuczynska, E.
Right arrow Articles by Shelton, D. R.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 1999, p. 2820-2826, Vol. 65, No. 7
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0

Method for Detection and Enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Feces, Manures, and Soils

Ewa Kuczynska and Daniel R. Shelton*

Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, BARC-West, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350

Received 6 January 1999/Accepted 6 April 1999

Eight concentration and purification methods were evaluated to determine percentages of recovery of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from calf feces. The NaCl flotation method generally resulted in the highest percentages of recovery. Based on the percentages of recovery, the amounts of fecal debris in the final oocyst preparations, the relatively short processing time (<3 h), and the low expense, the NaCl flotation method was chosen for further evaluation. Extraction efficiency was evaluated by using oocyst concentrations of 25, 50, 102, 103, 104, and 105 oocysts g of bovine feces-1. The percentages of recovery ranged from 10.8% (25 oocysts g-1) to 17.0% (104 oocysts g-1) (r2 = 0.996). A conservative estimate of the detection limit for bovine feces is ca. 30 oocysts g of feces-1. Percentages of recovery were determined for six different types of animal feces (cow, horse, pig, sheep, deer, and chicken feces) at a single oocyst concentration (104 oocysts g-1). The percentages of recovery were highest for bovine feces (17.0%) and lowest for chicken feces (3.2%). Percentages of recovery were determined for bovine manure after 3 to 7 days of storage. The percentages of recovery ranged from 1.9 to 3.5% depending on the oocyst concentration, the time of storage, and the dispersing solution. The percentages of oocyst recovery from soils were evaluated by using different flotation solutions (NaCl, cold sucrose, ZnSO4), different dispersing solutions (Triton X-100, Tween 80, Tris plus Tween 80), different dispersion techniques (magnetic stirring, sonication, blending), and different dispersion times (5, 15, and 30 min). Twenty-five-gram soil samples were used to reduce the spatial variability. The highest percentages of recovery were obtained when we used 50 mM Tris-0.5% Tween 80 as the dispersing solution, dispersion for 15 min by stirring, and saturated NaCl as the flotation solution. The percentages of oocyst recovery from freshly spiked sandy loam, silty clay loam, and clay loam soils were ca. 12 to 18, 8, and 6%, respectively. The theoretical detection limits were ca. 1 to 2 oocysts g of soil-1 depending on the soil type. The percentages of recovery without dispersant (distilled H2O or phosphate-buffered saline) were less than 0.1%, which indicated that oocysts adhere to soil particles. The percentages of recovery decreased with storage time, although the addition of dispersant (Tris-Tween 80) before storage appeared to partially prevent adhesion. These data indicate that the NaCl flotation method is suitable for routine detection and enumeration of oocysts from feces, manures, soils, or soil-manure mixtures.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705-2350. Phone: (301) 504-6582. Fax: (301) 504-5048. E-mail: dshelton{at}asrr.arsusda.gov.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 1999, p. 2820-2826, Vol. 65, No. 7
0099-2240/99/$04.00+0


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Harter, T., Atwill, E. R., Hou, L., Karle, B. M., Tate, K. W. (2008). Developing Risk Models of Cryptosporidium Transport in Soils from Vegetated, Tilted Soilbox Experiments. J. Environ. Qual. 37: 245-258 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Berry, E. D., Woodbury, B. L., Nienaber, J. A., Eigenberg, R. A., Thurston, J. A., Wells, J. E. (2007). Incidence and Persistence of Zoonotic Bacterial and Protozoan Pathogens in a Beef Cattle Feedlot Runoff Control Vegetative Treatment System. J. Environ. Qual. 36: 1873-1882 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Atwill, E. R., Pereira, M. D. G. C., Alonso, L. H., Elmi, C., Epperson, W. B., Smith, R., Riggs, W., Carpenter, L. V., Dargatz, D. A., Hoar, B. (2006). Environmental Load of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts from Cattle Manure in Feedlots from the Central and Western United States. J. Environ. Qual. 35: 200-206 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kuczynska, E., Shelton, D. R., Pachepsky, Y. (2005). Effect of Bovine Manure on Cryptosporidium parvum Oocyst Attachment to Soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 6394-6397 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hutchison, M. L., Walters, L. D., Moore, T., Thomas, D. J. I., Avery, S. M. (2005). Fate of Pathogens Present in Livestock Wastes Spread onto Fescue Plots. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 691-696 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Massanet-Nicolau, J. (2003). New Method Using Sedimentation and Immunomagnetic Separation for Isolation and Enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts and Giardia lamblia cysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 6758-6761 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Atwill, E. R., Hoar, B., das Gracas Cabral Pereira, M., Tate, K. W., Rulofson, F., Nader, G. (2003). Improved Quantitative Estimates of Low Environmental Loading and Sporadic Periparturient Shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in Adult Beef Cattle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 4604-4610 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Davies, C. M., Kaucner, C., Deere, D., Ashbolt, N. J. (2003). Recovery and Enumeration of Cryptosporidium parvum from Animal Fecal Matrices. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 2842-2847 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Atwill, E. R., Hou, L., Karle, B. M., Harter, T., Tate, K. W., Dahlgren, R. A. (2002). Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts through Vegetated Buffer Strips and Estimated Filtration Efficiency. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 5517-5527 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Walker, M., Leddy, K., Hagar, E. (2001). Effects of Combined Water Potential and Temperature Stresses on Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 5526-5529 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»