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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2000, p. 413-418, Vol. 66, No. 1
0099-2240/0/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Dual Labeling with Green Fluorescent Proteins for Confocal Microscopy

Stacie E. Cowan,1 Eric Gilbert,2 Artem Khlebnikov,2 and J. D. Keasling1,2,*

University of California, Joint Bioengineering Graduate Program, Berkeley and San Francisco,1 and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley,2 California 94720

Received 10 August 1999/Accepted 7 October 1999

We report a dual labeling technique involving two green fluorescent protein (GFP) variants that is compatible with confocal microscopy. Two lasers were used to obtain images of (i) mixed cultures of cells, where one species contained GFPuv and another species contained GFPmut2 or GFPmut3, and (ii) a single species containing both GFPuv and GFPmut2 in the same cell. This method shows promise for monitoring gene expression and as a nondestructive and in situ technique for confocal microscopy of multispecies biofilms.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720. Phone: (510) 642-4862. Fax: (510) 643-1228. E-mail: keasling{at}socrates.berkeley.edu.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2000, p. 413-418, Vol. 66, No. 1
0099-2240/0/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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