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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2001, p. 827-833, Vol. 67, No. 2
0099-2240/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.2.827-833.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Discovery and Description of Giant Submarine Smectite Cones on the Seafloor in Eyjafjordur, Northern Iceland, and a Novel Thermal Microbial Habitat

Viggó Thór Marteinsson,1,* Jakob K. Kristjánsson,1,2 Hrefna Kristmannsdóttir,3 Maria Dahlkvist,4 Kristján Sæmundsson,3 Mark Hannington,5 Sólveig K. Pétursdóttir,1 Alfred Geptner,6 and Peter Stoffers7

Prokaria Ltd., 112 Reykjavík,1 and Institute of Biology, University of Iceland,2 and Orkustofnun,3 108 Reykjavík, Iceland; Institute of Biotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden4; Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A0E8, Canada5; Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 109017 Moscow, Russia6; and Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany7

Received 26 June 2000/Accepted 6 November 2000

With the submersible JAGO and by scuba diving we discovered three remarkable geothermal cones, rising 33, 25, and 45 m from the seafloor at a depth of 65 m in Eyjafjordur, northern Iceland. The greatest geothermal activity was on the highest cone, which discharged up to 50 liters of freshwater per s at 72°C and pH 10.0. The cones were built up from precipitated smectite, formed by mixing of the hot SiO2-rich geothermal fluid with the cold Mg-rich seawater. By connecting a rubber hose to one outflow, about 240 liters of pure geothermal fluids was concentrated through a 0.2-µm-pore-size filter. Among 50 thermophilic isolates, we found members of Bacillus and Thermonema and a new unidentified low-G+C gram-positive member of the Bacteria as well as one member of the Archaea, Desulfurococcus mobilis. Analysis of small-subunit rRNA genes PCR amplified and cloned directly from environmental DNA showed that 41 out of 45 Bacteria sequences belonged to members of the Aquificales, whereas all of the 10 Archaea sequences belonged to the Korarchaeota. The physiological characteristics of isolates from different parts of the cones indicate a completely freshwater habitat, supporting the possibility of subterranean transmittance of terrestrial organisms.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Prokaria Ltd., Gylfaflöt 5, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland. Phone: (354)5707900. Fax: (354)570 7201. E-mail: viggo{at}prokaria.com.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2001, p. 827-833, Vol. 67, No. 2
0099-2240/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/AEM.67.2.827-833.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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