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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2002, p. 1576-1584, Vol. 68, No. 4
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.4.1576-1584.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Phylogenetic Diversity of Marine Cyanophage Isolates and Natural Virus Communities as Revealed by Sequences of Viral Capsid Assembly Protein Gene g20{dagger}

Yan Zhong,1 Feng Chen,2* Steven W. Wilhelm,3 Leo Poorvin,3 and Robert E. Hodson1

Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602,1 Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21202,2 Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 379963

Received 21 November 2001/ Accepted 25 January 2002

In order to characterize the genetic diversity and phylogenetic affiliations of marine cyanophage isolates and natural cyanophage assemblages, oligonucleotide primers CPS1 and CPS8 were designed to specifically amplify ca. 592-bp fragments of the gene for viral capsid assembly protein g20. Phylogenetic analysis of isolated cyanophages revealed that the marine cyanophages were highly diverse yet more closely related to each other than to enteric coliphage T4. Genetically related marine cyanophage isolates were widely distributed without significant geographic segregation (i.e., no correlation between genetic variation and geographic distance). Cloning and sequencing analysis of six natural virus concentrates from estuarine and oligotrophic offshore environments revealed nine phylogenetic groups in a total of 114 different g20 homologs, with up to six clusters and 29 genotypes encountered in a single sample. The composition and structure of natural cyanophage communities in the estuary and open-ocean samples were different from each other, with unique phylogenetic clusters found for each environment. Changes in clonal diversity were also observed from the surface waters to the deep chlorophyll maximum layer in the open ocean. Only three clusters contained known cyanophage isolates, while the identities of the other six clusters remain unknown. Whether or not these unidentified groups are composed of bacteriophages that infect different Synechococcus groups or other closely related cyanobacteria remains to be determined. The high genetic diversity of marine cyanophage assemblages revealed by the g20 sequences suggests that marine viruses can potentially play important roles in regulating microbial genetic diversity.

* Corresponding author. Present address: Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 701 East Pratt St., Suite 236, Baltimore, MD 21202. Phone: (410) 234-8866. Fax: (410) 234-8896. E-mail: chenf{at}umbi.umd.edu.

{dagger} Contribution no. 568 from the Center of Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2002, p. 1576-1584, Vol. 68, No. 4
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.4.1576-1584.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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