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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2002, p. 3003-3009, Vol. 68, No. 6
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.6.3003-3009.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

A Strain of Bacillus sphaericus Causes Slower Development of Resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus

Guofeng Pei,1 Cláudia M. F. Oliveira,2 Zhiming Yuan,1* Christina Nielsen-LeRoux,3 Maria Helena Silva-Filha,2 Jianpin Yan,1 and Lêda Regis2

Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China,1 Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, CEP 50670-420, Recife, Brazil,2 Bactéries et Champignons Entomopathogènes, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France3

Received 20 December 2001/ Accepted 13 March 2002

Two field-collected Culex quinquefasciatus colonies were subjected to selection pressure by three strains of Bacillus sphaericus, C3-41, 2362, and IAB59, under laboratory conditions. After 13 and 18 generations of exposure to high concentrations of C3-41 and IAB59, a field-collected low-level-resistant colony developed >144,000- and 46.3-fold resistance to strains C3-41 and IAB59, respectively. A field-collected susceptible colony was selected with 2362 and IAB59 for 46 and 12 generations and attained >162,000- and 5.7-fold resistance to the two agents, respectively. The pattern of resistance evolution in mosquitoes depended on continuous selection pressure, and the stronger the selection pressure, the more quickly resistance developed. The resistant colonies obtained after selection with B. sphaericus C3-41 and 2362 showed very high levels of cross-resistance to B. sphaericus 2362 and C3-41, respectively, but they displayed only low-level cross-resistance to IAB59. On the other hand, the IAB59-selected colonies had high cross-resistance to both strains C3-41 and 2362. Additionally, the slower evolution of resistance against strain IAB59 may be explained by the presence of another larvicidal factor. This is in agreement with the nontoxicity of the cloned and purified binary toxin (Bin1) of IAB59 for 2362-resistant larvae. We also verified that all the B. sphaericus-selected colonies showed no cross-resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, suggesting that it would be a promising alternative in managing resistance to B. sphaericus in C. quinquefasciatus larvae.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China. Phone: 027-87877242. Fax: 027-87641072. E-mail: yzm{at}pentium.whiov.ac.cn.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2002, p. 3003-3009, Vol. 68, No. 6
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.6.3003-3009.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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