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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2002, p. 3914-3918, Vol. 68, No. 8
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.8.3914-3918.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Detection of both Hepatitis A Virus and Norwalk-Like Virus in Imported Clams Associated with Food-Borne Illness

David H. Kingsley,* Gloria K. Meade, and Gary P. Richards

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware 19901

Received 7 January 2002/ Accepted 1 May 2002

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Norwalk-like virus (NLV) were detected by reverse transcription-PCR in clams imported into the United States from China. An epidemiological investigation showed that these clams were associated with five cases of Norwalk-like gastroenteritis in New York State in August 2000 (Food and Drug Administration Import Alert 16-50). They were labeled "cooked" but appeared raw. Viral RNA extraction was performed by using dissected digestive tissues rather than whole shellfish meats; this was followed by glycine buffer elution, polyethylene glycol precipitation, Tri-Reagent treatment, and purification of poly(A) RNA with magnetic beads coupled to poly(dT) oligonucleotides. We identified HAV and NLV as genotype I and genogroup II strains, respectively. Both viruses have high levels of homology to Asian strains. An analysis of fecal coliforms revealed a most-probable number of 93,000/100 g of clam meat, which is approximately 300-fold higher than the hygienic standard for shellfish meats.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, W. W. Baker Center, Delaware State University, Dover, DE 19901. Phone: (302) 857-6406. Fax: (302) 857-6451. E-mail: dkingsle{at}dsc.edu.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2002, p. 3914-3918, Vol. 68, No. 8
0099-2240/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.8.3914-3918.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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