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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2003, p. 4205-4213, Vol. 69, No. 7
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.7.4205-4213.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Quantum Dots as Strain- and Metabolism-Specific Microbiological Labels

J. A. Kloepfer,1 R. E. Mielke,1 M. S. Wong,2,{dagger} K. H. Nealson,3 G. Stucky,2 and J. L. Nadeau1*

Center for Life Detection, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109;,1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106;,2 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 900893

Received 23 January 2003/ Accepted 8 April 2003

Biologically conjugated quantum dots (QDs) have shown great promise as multiwavelength fluorescent labels for on-chip bioassays and eukaryotic cells. However, use of these photoluminescent nanocrystals in bacteria has not previously been reported, and their large size (3 to 10 nm) makes it unclear whether they inhibit bacterial recognition of attached molecules and whether they are able to pass through bacterial cell walls. Here we describe the use of conjugated CdSe QDs for strain- and metabolism-specific microbial labeling in a wide variety of bacteria and fungi, and our analysis was geared toward using receptors for a conjugated biomolecule that are present and active on the organism's surface. While cell surface molecules, such as glycoproteins, make excellent targets for conjugated QDs, internal labeling is inconsistent and leads to large spectral shifts compared with the original fluorescence, suggesting that there is breakup or dissolution of the QDs. Transmission electron microscopy of whole mounts and thin sections confirmed that bacteria are able to extract Cd and Se from QDs in a fashion dependent upon the QD surface conjugate.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Mail Code 183-301, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109. Phone: (818) 354-0522. Fax: (818) 393-4445. E-mail: nadeau{at}mail2.jpl.nasa.gov.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2003, p. 4205-4213, Vol. 69, No. 7
0099-2240/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.69.7.4205-4213.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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