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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2004, p. 1907-1912, Vol. 70, No. 4
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.4.1907-1912.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Simultaneous Degradation of Atrazine and Phenol by Pseudomonas sp. Strain ADP: Effects of Toxicity and Adaptation

Grit Neumann,¹ Riho Teras,² Liis Monson,² Maia Kivisaar,² Frieder Schauer,³ and Hermann J. Heipieper^1*

Department of Bioremediation, Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig-Halle, 04318 Leipzig,¹ Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany,³ Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tartu University and Estonian Biocentre, 51010 Tartu, Estonia²

Received 25 August 2003/ Accepted 12 December 2003

The strain Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP is able to degrade atrazine as a sole nitrogen source and therefore needs a single source for both carbon and energy for growth. In addition to the typical C source for Pseudomonas, Na₂-succinate, the strain can also grow with phenol as a carbon source. Phenol is oxidized to catechol by a multicomponent phenol hydroxylase. Catechol is degraded via the ortho pathway using catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. It was possible to stimulate the strain in order to degrade very high concentrations of phenol (1,000 mg/liter) and atrazine (150 mg/liter) simultaneously. With cyanuric acid, the major intermediate of atrazine degradation, as an N source, both the growth rate and the phenol degradation rate were similar to those measured with ammonia as an N source. With atrazine as an N source, the growth rate and the phenol degradation rate were reduced to 35% of those obtained for cyanuric acid. This presents clear evidence that although the first three enzymes of the atrazine degradation pathway are constitutively present, either these enzymes or the uptake of atrazine is the bottleneck that diminishes the growth rate of Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP with atrazine as an N source. Whereas atrazine and cyanuric acid showed no significant toxic effect on the cells, phenol reduces growth and activates or induces typical membrane-adaptive responses known for the genus Pseudomonas. Therefore Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP is an ideal bacterium for the investigation of the regulatory interactions among several catabolic genes and stress response mechanisms during the simultaneous degradation of toxic phenolic compounds and a xenobiotic N source such as atrazine.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Bioremediation, Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Leipzig-Halle, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany. Phone: 49 341 235 2772. Fax: 49 341 235 2492. E-mail: hermann.heipieper{at}ufz.de.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, April 2004, p. 1907-1912, Vol. 70, No. 4
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.4.1907-1912.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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