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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2004, p. 4053-4063, Vol. 70, No. 7
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.7.4053-4063.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Mineralization of Individual Congeners of Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate by Defined Pairs of Heterotrophic Bacteria

David Schleheck,1 Thomas P. Knepper,2 Karin Fischer,1 and Alasdair M. Cook1*

Department of Biology, The University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz,1 Institute for Water Research and Water Technology, D-65201 Wiesbaden, Germany2

Received 24 December 2003/ Accepted 17 March 2004

Parvibaculum lavamentivorans DS-1T utilized the commercial surfactant linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) (20 congeners with C10 to C13 side chains) as a carbon and energy source by shortening the side chain, and sulfophenylcarboxylates (SPCs) and similar compounds (e.g., {alpha},ß-unsaturated SPCs [SPC-2Hs]) were excreted with quantitative recovery of the sulfophenyl moiety. 2-(4-Sulfophenyl)decane (2-C10-LAS) was converted largely to 3-(4-sulfophenyl)butyrate (3-C4-SPC), as were 2-C12-LAS and 2-C14-LAS; the other products were 5-C6-SPC (SPC+2C) and 3-C4-SPC-2H. 2-C11-LAS was converted largely to 4-C5-SPC with the corresponding SPC+2C and SPC-2H; similarly, 3-C12-LAS yielded 4-C6-SPC with the corresponding SPC+2C and SPC-2H. This pattern of products confirmed that LAS is degraded by {omega}-oxygenation and chain shortening through ß-oxidation. At least nine major SPCs were formed from commercial LAS. The novel isolates Comamonas testosteroni SPB-2 and KF-1 utilized 3-C4-SPC; Delftia acidovorans SPH-1 utilized 4-C6-SPC enantioselectively. The substrate-dependent oxygen uptake of whole cells of strain SPB-2 indicated that there was inducible oxygenation of 3-C4-SPC and of 4-sulfophenol in whole cells of the strains of C. testosteroni during growth with 3-C4-SPC or 4-sulfophenol. The degradative pathways apparently involved 4-sulfocatechol and 4-sulfocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase. Strain SPB-2 and strain DS-1T grew together in LAS-salts medium, and only seven of the nine major SPCs were recovered. Strain SPB-2 utilized 3-C4-SPC, 3-C5-SPC, and 3-C4-SPC-2H. Strain SPH-1 grew together with strain DS-1T in LAS-salts medium, and a different set of seven major SPCs was recovered. Strain SPH-1 utilized 4-C6-SPC, 4-C5-SPC, 4-C6-SPC-2H, and 4-C5-SPC-2H. A three-member community consisting of strains DS-1T, SPB-2, and SPH-1 utilized four major SPCs. We inferred that this community mineralized the major SPCs derived from 8 of the 20 LAS congeners.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biology, The University of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany. Phone: (49) 7531 88 4247. Fax: (49) 7531 88 2966. E-mail: alasdair.cook{at}uni-konstanz.de.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, July 2004, p. 4053-4063, Vol. 70, No. 7
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.7.4053-4063.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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