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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2004, p. 5434-5440, Vol. 70, No. 9
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.9.5434-5440.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Clearance of Human-Pathogenic Viruses from Sludge: Study of Four Stabilization Processes by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR and Cell Culture

S. Monpoeho,^1* A. Maul,² C. Bonnin,³ L. Patria,³ S. Ranarijaona,¹ S. Billaudel,¹ and V. Ferré¹

Laboratoire de Virologie, UPRES 1156, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes,¹ Department of Statistics and Data Processing, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Metz,² Anjou Recherche Vivendi Water, Paris, France³

Received 13 January 2004/ Accepted 10 March 2004

Sludges derived from wastewater treatment are foul-smelling, biologically unstable substances. As well as containing numerous pathogenic microorganisms, they also consist of organic matter that can be used as agricultural fertilizer. Legislation nevertheless requires sludges to be virologically tested prior to spreading by the counting of infectious enterovirus particles. This method, based on culture of enterovirus on BGM cells, is lengthy and not very sensitive. The aim of this study was to propose an alternative method of genome quantification for all enteroviruses that is applicable to verifying the elimination of viruses in complex samples such as sludges. Our complete protocol was compared to the official method, consisting of enterovirus enumeration with the most probable number of cythopathic unit (MPNCU) assay through the study of four stabilization procedures: liming, composting, heat treatment, and mesophile anaerobic digestion. Enterovirus quantities at the start of the stabilization procedures were between 37 and 288 MPNCU/g on the one scale and between 4 and 5 log genome copies/g on the other. It was shown that all procedures except mesophile anaerobic digestion were highly effective in the elimination of enterovirus particles and genomes in wastewater sludges. Reduction of viruses by mesophile anaerobic digestion was by only 1 log (infectious particles and genomes). In conclusion, stabilization processes can indeed be checked by virological quality control of sludges with gene amplification. However, the infectivity of genomes needs to be confirmed with cell culture or a correlation model if the virological risk inherent in the agricultural use of such sludges is to be fully addressed.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: 151 Calderon Ave. #34, Mountain View, CA 94041. Phone: (650) 225-2978. Fax: (650) 969-5004. E-mail: monpeo{at}mageos.com or monpeo{at}gene.com.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, September 2004, p. 5434-5440, Vol. 70, No. 9
0099-2240/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.9.5434-5440.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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