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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2007, p. 64-72, Vol. 73, No. 1
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01415-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Respiration and Growth of Shewanella decolorationis S12 with an Azo Compound as the Sole Electron Acceptor ^,

Yiguo Hong,^1,2,3 Meiying Xu,¹ Jun Guo,¹ Zhicheng Xu,¹ Xingjuan Chen,¹ and Guoping Sun^1*

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China,¹ South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510650, China,² Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China³

Received 20 June 2006/ Accepted 17 October 2006

The ability of Shewanella decolorationis S12 to obtain energy for growth by coupling the oxidation of various electron donors to dissimilatory azoreduction was investigated. This microorganism can reduce a variety of azo dyes by use of formate, lactate, pyruvate, or H₂ as the electron donor. Furthermore, strain S12 grew to a maximal density of 3.0 x 10⁷ cells per ml after compete reduction of 2.0 mM amaranth in a defined medium. This was accompanied by a stoichiometric consumption of 4.0 mM formate over time when amaranth and formate were supplied as the sole electron acceptor and donor, respectively, suggesting that microbial azoreduction is an electron transport process and that this electron transport can yield energy to support growth. Purified membranous, periplasmic, and cytoplasmic fractions from S12 were analyzed, but only the membranous fraction was capable of reducing azo dyes with formate, lactate, pyruvate, or H₂ as the electron donor. The presence of 5 µM Cu²⁺ ions, 200 µM dicumarol, 100 µM stigmatellin, and 100 µM metyrapone inhibited anaerobic azoreduction activity by both whole cells and the purified membrane fraction, showing that dehydrogenases, cytochromes, and menaquinone are essential electron transfer components for azoreduction. These results provide evidence that the microbial anaerobic azoreduction is linked to the electron transport chain and suggest that the dissimilatory azoreduction is a form of microbial anaerobic respiration. These findings not only expand the number of potential electron acceptors known for microbial energy conservation but also elucidate the mechanisms of microbial anaerobic azoreduction.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China. Phone: 86-20-87684471. Fax: 86-20-87684471. E-mail: guopingsun{at}163.com.

Published ahead of print on 3 November 2006.

Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, January 2007, p. 64-72, Vol. 73, No. 1
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01415-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.