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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2007, p. 5011-5019, Vol. 73, No. 15
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00285-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Control of Mycosphaerella graminicola on Wheat Seedlings by Medical Drugs Known To Modulate the Activity of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters{triangledown}

Ramin Roohparvar,1,2 Aurelie Huser,1,3 Lute-Harm Zwiers,1,4 and Maarten A. De Waard1*

Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8025, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands,1 Department of Cereal Research, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Agricultural Research and Education Organization, P.O. Box 31585-4119, Karaj, Iran,2 Department of Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions, Molecular Plant Development, Max Planck Institute of Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany,3 Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands4

Received 5 February 2007/ Accepted 23 May 2007

Medical drugs known to modulate the activity of human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins (modulators) were tested for the ability to potentiate the activity of the azole fungicide cyproconazole against in vitro growth of Mycosphaerella graminicola and to control disease development due to this pathogen on wheat seedlings. In vitro modulation of cyproconazole activity could be demonstrated in paper disk bioassays. Some of the active modulators (amitriptyline, flavanone, and phenothiazines) increased the accumulation of cyproconazole in M. graminicola, suggesting that they reversed cyproconazole efflux. However, synergism between cyproconazole and modulators against M. graminicola on wheat seedlings could not be shown. Despite their low in vitro toxicity to M. graminicola, some modulators (amitriptyline, loperamide, and promazine) did show significant intrinsic disease control activity in preventive and curative foliar spray tests with wheat seedlings. The results suggest that these compounds have indirect disease control activity based on modulation of fungal ABC transporters essential for virulence and constitute a new class of disease control agents.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8025, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands. Phone: 31 317 48 31 23. Fax: 31 317 48 34 12. E-mail: maarten.dewaard{at}wur.nl

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 1 June 2007.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, August 2007, p. 5011-5019, Vol. 73, No. 15
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00285-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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