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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, November 2007, p. 7155-7161, Vol. 73, No. 22
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00466-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Quantitative Distributions of Epsilonproteobacteria and a Sulfurimonas Subgroup in Pelagic Redoxclines of the Central Baltic Sea{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Jana Grote, Matthias Labrenz,* Birgit Pfeiffer, Günter Jost, and Klaus Jürgens

IOW-Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemuende, Section Biology, Seestrasse 1, 18119 Rostock-Warnemuende, Germany

Received 28 February 2007/ Accepted 21 September 2007

Members of the class Epsilonproteobacteria are known to be of major importance in biogeochemical processes at oxic-anoxic interfaces. In pelagic redoxclines of the central Baltic Sea, an uncultured epsilonproteobacterium related to Sulfurimonas denitrificans was proposed to play a key role in chemolithotrophic denitrification (I. Brettar, M. Labrenz, S. Flavier, J. Bötel, H. Kuosa, R. Christen, and M. G. Höfle, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:1364-1372, 2006). In order to determine the abundance, activity, and vertical distribution of this bacterium in high-resolution profiles, 16S rRNA cloning and catalyzed reporter deposition and fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH) and quantitative PCR measurements were carried out. The results showed that 21% of the derived clone sequences, which in the present study were grouped together under the name GD17, had >99% similarity to the uncultured epsilonproteobacterium. A specific gene probe against GD17 (S-*-Sul-0090-a-A-18) was developed and used for enumeration by CARD-FISH. In different pelagic redoxclines sampled during August 2003, May 2005, and February 2006, GD17 cells were always detected from the lower oxic area to the sulfidic area. Maximal abundance was detected around the chemocline, where sulfide and nitrate concentrations were close to the detection limit. The highest GD17 numbers (2 x 105 cells ml–1), representing up to 15% of the total bacteria, were comparable to those reported for Epsilonproteobacteria in pelagic redoxclines of the Black Sea and the Cariaco Trench (X. Lin, S. G. Wakeham, I. F. Putnam, Y. M. Astor, M. I. Scranton, A. Y. Chistoserdov, and G. T. Taylor, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:2679-2690, 2006). However, in the Baltic Sea redoxclines, Epsilonproteobacteria consisted nearly entirely of cells belonging to the distinct GD17 group. This suggested that GD17 was the best-adapted epsilonproteobacterium within this ecological niche.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: IOW-Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemuende, Section Biology, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock-Warnemuende, Germany. Phone: 49 (0)381 5197 378. Fax: 49 (0)381 5197 440. E-mail: matthias.labrenz{at}io-warnemuende.de

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 5 October 2007.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, November 2007, p. 7155-7161, Vol. 73, No. 22
0099-2240/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.00466-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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