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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2008, p. 676-681, Vol. 74, No. 3
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01715-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Identification by Quantitative Carrier Test of Surrogate Spore-Forming Bacteria To Assess Sporicidal Chemicals for Use against Bacillus anthracis

Miles R. Majcher,^1,2 Kathryn A. Bernard,^1,2* and Syed A. Sattar³

National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2,¹ University of Manitoba, Department of Medical Microbiology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,² Centre for Research on Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5³

Received 25 July 2007/ Accepted 26 November 2007

The spores of six strains of Bacillus anthracis (four virulent and two avirulent) were compared with those of four other types of spore-forming bacteria for their resistance to four liquid chemical sporicides (sodium hypochlorite at 5,000 ppm available chlorine, 70,000 ppm accelerated H₂O₂, 1,000 ppm chlorine dioxide, and 3,000 ppm peracetic acid). All test bacteria were grown in a 1:10 dilution of Columbia broth (with manganese) incubated at 37°C for 72 h. The spore suspensions, heat treated at 80°C for 10 min to rid them of any viable vegetative cells, contained 1 x 10⁸ to 3 x 10⁸ CFU/ml. The second tier of the quantitative carrier test (QCT-2), a standard of ASTM International, was used to assess for sporicidal activity, with disks (1 cm in diameter) of brushed and magnetized stainless steel as spore carriers. Each carrier, with 10 µl (10⁶ CFU) of the test spore suspension in a soil load, was dried and then overlaid with 50 µl of the sporicide being evaluated. The contact time at room temperature ranged from 5 to 20 min, and the arbitrarily set criterion for acceptable sporicidal activity was a reduction of 10⁶ in viable spore count. Each test was repeated at least three times. In the final analysis, the spores of Bacillus licheniformis (ATCC 14580^T) and Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051^T) proved to be generally more resistant than the spores of the strains of B. anthracis tested. The use of one or both of the safe and easy-to-handle surrogates identified here should help in developing safer and more-effective sporicides and also in evaluating the field effectiveness of existing and newer formulations in the decontamination of objects and surfaces suspected of B. anthracis contamination.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3R2. Phone: (204) 789-2135. Fax: (204) 784-7509. E-mail: Kathy_Bernard{at}phac-aspc.gc.ca

Published ahead of print on 14 December 2007.

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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, February 2008, p. 676-681, Vol. 74, No. 3
0099-2240/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.01715-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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