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Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2009, p. 3765-3776, Vol. 75, No. 11
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02594-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Tolerance and Adaptation of Ethanologenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Furfural, a Lignocellulosic Inhibitory Compound{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Feng-Ming Lin, Bin Qiao, and Ying-Jin Yuan*

Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, P.O. Box 6888, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China

Received 13 November 2008/ Accepted 1 April 2009

The molecular mechanism involved in tolerance and adaptation of ethanologenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae to inhibitors (such as furfural, acetic acid, and phenol) represented in lignocellulosic hydrolysate is still unclear. Here, 18O-labeling-aided shotgun comparative proteome analysis was applied to study the global protein expression profiles of S. cerevisiae under conditions of treatment of furfural compared with furfural-free fermentation profiles. Proteins involved in glucose fermentation and/or the tricarboxylic acid cycle were upregulated in cells treated with furfural compared with the control cells, while proteins involved in glycerol biosynthesis were downregulated. Differential levels of expression of alcohol dehydrogenases were observed. On the other hand, the levels of NADH, NAD+, and NADH/NAD+ were reduced whereas the levels of ATP and ADP were increased. These observations indicate that central carbon metabolism, levels of alcohol dehydrogenases, and the redox balance may be related to tolerance of ethanologenic yeast for and adaptation to furfural. Furthermore, proteins involved in stress response, including the unfolded protein response, oxidative stress, osmotic and salt stress, DNA damage and nutrient starvation, were differentially expressed, a finding that was validated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR to further confirm that the general stress responses are essential for cellular defense against furfural. These insights into the response of yeast to the presence of furfural will benefit the design and development of inhibitor-tolerant ethanologenic yeast by metabolic engineering or synthetic biology.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education and Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, P.O. Box 6888, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China. Phone: 86-22-87401546. Fax: 86-22-27403888. E-mail: yjyuan{at}tju.edu.cn

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 10 April 2009.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://aem.asm.org/.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2009, p. 3765-3776, Vol. 75, No. 11
0099-2240/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/AEM.02594-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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