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Applied and Environmental Microbiology
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Food Microbiology

Citrate Fermentation by Lactococcus and Leuconostoc spp

Marjo J. C. Starrenburg, Jeroen Hugenholtz
Marjo J. C. Starrenburg
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Jeroen Hugenholtz
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ABSTRACT

Citrate and lactose fermentation are subject to the same metabolic regulation. In both processes, pyruvate is the key intermediate. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis homofermentatively converted pyruvate to lactate at high dilution (growth) rates, low pH, and high lactose concentrations. Mixed-acid fermentation with formate, ethanol, and acetate as products was observed under conditions of lactose limitation in continuous culture at pH values above 6.0. An acetoin/butanediol fermentation with α-acetolactate as an intermediate was found upon mild aeration in continuous culture and under conditions of excess pyruvate production from citrate. Leuconostoc spp. showed a limited metabolic flexibility. A typical heterofermentative conversion of lactose was observed under all conditions in both continuous and batch cultures. The pyruvate produced from either lactose or citrate was converted to d-lactate. Citrate utilization was pH dependent in both L. lactis and Leuconostoc spp., with maximum rates observed between pH 5.5 and 6.0. The maximum specific growth rate was slightly stimulated by citrate, in L. lactis and greatly stimulated by citrate in Leuconostoc spp., and the conversion of citrate resulted in increased growth yields on lactose for both L. lactis and Leuconostoc spp. This indicates that energy is conserved during the metabolism of citrate.

FOOTNOTES

  • ↵* Corresponding author.

  • Copyright © 1991, American Society for Microbiology
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Citrate Fermentation by Lactococcus and Leuconostoc spp
Marjo J. C. Starrenburg, Jeroen Hugenholtz
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Dec 1991, 57 (12) 3535-3540; DOI:

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Citrate Fermentation by Lactococcus and Leuconostoc spp
Marjo J. C. Starrenburg, Jeroen Hugenholtz
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Dec 1991, 57 (12) 3535-3540; DOI:
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