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ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH MICROBIOLOGY

Use of Antibiotic Resistance Analysis To Identify Nonpoint Sources of Fecal Pollution

B. A. Wiggins, R. W. Andrews, R. A. Conway, C. L. Corr, E. J. Dobratz, D. P. Dougherty, J. R. Eppard, S. R. Knupp, M. C. Limjoco, J. M. Mettenburg, J. M. Rinehardt, J. Sonsino, R. L. Torrijos, M. E. Zimmerman
B. A. Wiggins
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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R. W. Andrews
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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R. A. Conway
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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C. L. Corr
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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E. J. Dobratz
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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D. P. Dougherty
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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J. R. Eppard
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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S. R. Knupp
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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M. C. Limjoco
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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J. M. Mettenburg
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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J. M. Rinehardt
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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J. Sonsino
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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R. L. Torrijos
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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M. E. Zimmerman
Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807
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DOI: 10.1128/AEM.65.8.3483-3486.1999
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Tables

  • Table 1.

    Descriptions of the data sets used in the analyses

    Data setCollection dates (mo/yr)No. of isolates (number of samples)Antibiotics testedReference or source
    CattleHumanPoultryWildTotal
    11/93–3/93568 (6)181 (2)552 (6)134 (3)1,435 (17)CTC, OTC, SAL, STR21
    26/93–7/942,110 (27)2,054 (23)1,140 (13)686 (9)5,990 (72)AMP, ERY, GEN, TET, VANThis study
    39/94–2/951,157 (13)533 (6)542 (7)403 (5)2,635 (31)OTC, SAL, STR, TET, VANThis study
    46/95–8/951,174 (18)837 (15)737 (12)96 (2)2,844 (47)AMX, ERY, OTC, STR, TET, VANThis study
    55/96–4/971,083 (25)802 (7)376 (11)771 (18)3,032 (69)AMP, AMX, CTC, ERY, OTC, SAL, STR, TET, VANThis study
  • Table 2.

    Classification of 5,990 isolates of FS from known sources (set 2)a

    SourceNo. (%) of isolates classified as:
    CattleHumanPoultryWild
    Cattle (n = 2,110)1,698 (80)102 (5)103 (5)207 (10)
    Human (n = 2,054)451 (22)994 (48)342 (17)267 (13)
    Poultry (n = 1,140)70 (6)153 (13)912 (80)5 (1)
    Wild (n = 686)316 (46)32 (5)10 (1)328 (48)
    • ↵a The ARCC for this analysis (with AMP, ERY, GEN, TET, and VAN) was 64%.

  • Table 3.

    Classification of 2,635 isolates of FS from known sources (set 3)a

    SourceNo. (%) of isolates classified as:
    CattleHumanPoultryWild
    Cattle (n = 1,157)740 (64)158 (14)77 (6)182 (16)
    Human (n = 533)112 (21)242 (45)73 (14)106 (20)
    Poultry (n = 542)16 (3)25 (5)483 (89)18 (3)
    Wild (n = 403)92 (23)27 (7)17 (4)267 (66)
    • ↵a The ARCC for this analysis (with OTC, SAL, STR, TET, and VAN) was 66%.

  • Table 4.

    Classification of 2,844 isolates of FS from known sources (set 4)a

    SourceNo. (%) of isolates classified as:
    CattleHumanPoultryWild
    Cattle (n = 1,174)732 (62)135 (12)162 (14)145 (12)
    Human (n = 837)235 (28)313 (37)182 (22)107 (13)
    Poultry (n = 737)125 (17)73 (10)529 (72)10 (1)
    Wild (n = 96)4 (4)4 (4)3 (3)85 (89)
    • ↵a The ARCC for this analysis (with AMX, ERY, OTC, STR, TET, and VAN) was 65%.

  • Table 5.

    Classification of 3,032 isolates of FS from known sources (set 5)a

    SourceNo. (%) of isolates classified as:
    CattleHumanPoultryWild
    Cattle (n = 1,083)581 (54)141 (13)95 (9)266 (24)
    Human (n = 802)66 (8)655 (82)16 (2)65 (8)
    Poultry (n = 376)21 (5)10 (3)341 (91)4 (1)
    Wild (n = 771)83 (11)1 (0)11 (1)676 (88)
    • ↵a The ARCC for this analysis (with AMP, AMX, CTC, ERY, OTC, SAL, STR, TET, and VAN) was 78%.

  • Table 6.

    Sample-level classification of FS from known sources

    Data setNo. of correctly classified samples/total no.ARCCa (%)
    CattleHumanPoultryWild
    16/62/26/63/3100
    227/2722/2313/138/996
    313/136/67/75/5100
    416/1814/1512/122/296
    525/257/711/1118/18100
    • ↵a The ARCC of the samples was determined by dividing the number of correctly classified samples for all source types by the total number of samples in that data set.

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Use of Antibiotic Resistance Analysis To Identify Nonpoint Sources of Fecal Pollution
B. A. Wiggins, R. W. Andrews, R. A. Conway, C. L. Corr, E. J. Dobratz, D. P. Dougherty, J. R. Eppard, S. R. Knupp, M. C. Limjoco, J. M. Mettenburg, J. M. Rinehardt, J. Sonsino, R. L. Torrijos, M. E. Zimmerman
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Aug 1999, 65 (8) 3483-3486; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.65.8.3483-3486.1999

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Use of Antibiotic Resistance Analysis To Identify Nonpoint Sources of Fecal Pollution
B. A. Wiggins, R. W. Andrews, R. A. Conway, C. L. Corr, E. J. Dobratz, D. P. Dougherty, J. R. Eppard, S. R. Knupp, M. C. Limjoco, J. M. Mettenburg, J. M. Rinehardt, J. Sonsino, R. L. Torrijos, M. E. Zimmerman
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Aug 1999, 65 (8) 3483-3486; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.65.8.3483-3486.1999
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KEYWORDS

Drug Resistance, Microbial
feces
Streptococcus
Water Microbiology

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