Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
Phylogenetic dendrogram calculated with all publicly available 16S rDNA sequences that were recovered from marine sponges. Multifurcations indicate that the respective branching order could not be unambiguously resolved by different treeing methods. Parsimony and neighbor-joining bootstrap values are provided for relevant groups and the sponge-specific clusters (square brackets). The scale bar indicates 10% sequence divergence. The tetragons (squares and fans) depict monophyletic clusters (shaded shapes) and those that contain additional environmental sequences (open shapes). The differences in the lengths of the horizontal lines of each tetragon represent the degree of sequence divergence within each phylogenetic cluster.
- FIG. 2.
Phylogenetic dendrogram calculated with 16S rRNA sequences affiliated with the phylum Actinobacteria and sequences of uncertain affiliation that were recovered from marine sponges. The boxes depict monophyletic sequence clusters (shaded boxes) and those that contain additional environmental sequences (open boxes). Parsimony and neighbor-joining bootstrap values are given for sponge-specific clusters. The scale bar indicates 10% sequence divergence. Arrow, to outgroup.
- FIG. 3.
Phylogenetic dendrogram calculated with 16S rRNA sequences affiliated with the phylum Proteobacteria that were recovered from marine sponges. The boxes show monophyletic sequence clusters. Parsimony and neighbor-joining bootstrap values are given for sponge-specific clusters. The scale bar indicates 10% sequence divergence. Arrow, to outgroup.
- FIG. 4.
Phylogenetic dendrogram calculated with 16S rRNA sequences affiliated with Nitrospira, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Spirochaetes that were recovered from marine sponges. The boxes show monophyletic sequence clusters. Parsimony and neighbor-joining bootstrap values are given for sponge-specific clusters. The scale bar indicates 10% sequence divergence. Arrow, to outgroup.
- FIG. 5.
Phylogenetic dendrogram calculated with 16S rRNA sequences affiliated with Acidobacteria that were recovered from marine sponges. The boxes depict monophyletic sequence clusters (shaded boxes) and those that contain additional environmental sequences (open boxes). Parsimony and neighbor-joining bootstrap values are given for sponge-specific clusters. The scale bar indicates 10% sequence divergence. Arrow, to outgroup.
- FIG. 6.
Phylogenetic dendrogram calculated with 16S rRNA sequences affiliated with Choroflexi that were recovered from marine sponges. The box shows a monophyletic sequence cluster. Parsimony and neighbor-joining bootstrap values are given for sponge-specific clusters. The scale bar indicates 10% sequence divergence. Arrow, to outgroup.
- FIG. 7.
Distribution of monophyletic 16S rDNA sequence clusters between three marine sponges.
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Compilation of sponges from which 16S rDNA sequences have been recovered
Sponge species Taxonomic affiliation (Family/Order/Subclass)a Depth and collection site (latitude; longitude) GenBank accession no. Reference Aplysina aerophoba Aplysinidae/Verongida/ Ceractinomorpha 7-15 m, Banyuls sur Mer, France (42°29′ N; 03°08′ E) AJ347025 -AJ347088 This study Theonella swinhoei Theonellidae/Lithistida/ Tetractinomorpha 20-30 m, Western Caroline Islands, Palau (07°23′ N; 134°38′ E) AF186410 -AF186459 This study 5 m, Eilat, Israel (31°35′ N; 34°54′ E) AF434939 -AF434963 This study 15 m, Hachijo-jima Island, Japan (33°38′ N; 139°48′ E) AF434964 -AF434986 This study Rhopaloeides odorabile Spongiidae/Dictyoceratida/ Ceractinomorpha 13 m, Davies Reef, Australia (18°49′ S; 147°38′ E) AF333519 -AF333552 49 Halichondria panicea Halichondriidae/Halichondrida/Ceractinomorpha 15 m, Limski Canal, Croatia (45°07′ N; 13°39′ E) Z88580 -Z88591 1 Axinella mexicana Axinellidae/Halichondrida/ Ceractinomorpha 10-20 m, Santa Barbara, Calif. (34°25′ N; 119°57′ E) AY029297 -AY029298 ,bU51469b 27
