Skip to main content
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems
  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About AEM
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems

User menu

  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
publisher-logosite-logo

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • COVID-19 Special Collection
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About AEM
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
Microbial Ecology

Albusin B, a Bacteriocin from the Ruminal Bacterium Ruminococcus albus 7 That Inhibits Growth of Ruminococcus flavefaciens

Junqin Chen, David M. Stevenson, Paul J. Weimer
Junqin Chen
1Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
David M. Stevenson
1Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Paul J. Weimer
1Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison
2U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: pjweimer@wisc.edu
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.5.3167-3170.2004
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

ABSTRACT

An ∼32-kDa protein (albusin B) that inhibited growth of Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 was isolated from culture supernatants of Ruminococcus albus 7. Traditional cloning and gene-walking PCR techniques revealed an open reading frame (albB) encoding a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 32,168 Da. A BLAST search revealed two homologs of AlbB from the unfinished genome of R. albus 8 and moderate similarity to LlpA, a recently described 30-kDa bacteriocin from Pseudomonas sp. strain BW11M1.

Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens are important cellulose-degrading bacteria in the rumen (6). R. albus has been reported to outnumber R. flavefaciens in defined laboratory cocultures (4, 16, 17, 22) and in the rumens of sheep (25) and dairy cattle (28). Several reports suggested that predominance of R. albus may be due to its production of bacteriocin-like substances (4, 16, 17), but none of these agents had been purified. The objective of this study was to purify and characterize bacteriocin-like substances produced by R. albus.

Culture supernatants of R. albus 7 grown in modified Dehority medium (27) with cellulose or cellobiose as a fermentable carbohydrate inhibited growth of R. flavefaciens FD-1 when assayed by a plate culture assay (4). Because most of the bacteriocins purified from gram-positive bacteria have low molecular masses (<10 kDa), we examined filtrates of R. albus 7 cultures for inhibitory activity toward R. flavefaciens. Cultures grown in 10 liters of modified Dehority medium with cellobiose were passed through a 0.2-μm-pore-size hollow fiber cartridge, and the filtrate was passed through a 10-kDa-molecular-mass-cutoff cartridge. Substantial inhibitory activity was observed in the nominal 10-kDa filtrate, but surprisingly this filtrate contained a 32-kDa protein (referred to here as albusin B) that was ultimately shown to account for most of the activity. Although the retentate from the 10-kDa cartridge also contained an inhibitory protein of 32 kDa, the mixture of components in the retentate was far more complex than that in the filtrate. The simple protein profile of the filtrate facilitated purification of albusin B, which was accomplished by a process that also included ammonium sulfate precipitation (40 to 60% saturation range) and a BioGel P6 gel filtration column (Table 1). Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single protein band (32 kDa) from the P6 column (Fig. 1). While the purification was facilitated by the 10-kDa-molecular-mass-cutoff ultrafiltration step, the complete protocol resulted in only a 4.7% activity yield and an estimated purification of 220-fold. Because some of the inhibitory activity in culture supernatants was due to a second inhibitor (albusin A, which will be described elsewhere), whose concentration declined during the course of the purification, the extent of purification of albusin B must be regarded as a lower bound.

FIG. 1.
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
FIG. 1.

SDS-polyacrylamide gel of protein standards (left lane; molecular masses [in kilodaltons] are on the left) and the bacteriocin albusin B (right lane), following its elution from the BioGel P6 column (Table 1). The image was obtained by scanning the dried gel directly with an Envisions flatbed scanner into Adobe Photoshop 7.0 (operating on Macintosh OS9.0) and converting the colored image to grayscale prior to saving it as a TIFF image.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
TABLE 1.

Purification of the bacteriocin albusin B from R. albus 7

All seven R. flavefaciens strains tested (FD-1, B34b, 17, C94, B1c45, B146, and R13e2) were sensitive to albusin B, but other ruminal species tested (Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Selenomonas ruminantium D, and Streptococcus bovis JB-1) and the nonruminal species Escherichia coli ZK126 and Bacillus subtilis AD623 were not affected. Inhibitory activity of albusin B was lost upon treatment with Streptomyces griseus protease or porcine pancreatin or by boiling for 15 min. On the basis of its apparent protein nature and moderate specificity against a species related to the producing strain, the inhibitor fits the definition of a bacteriocin, according to Klaenhammer (12).

After electrotransfer from the SDS-polyacrylamide gel to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, the 32-kDa protein band was subjected to N-terminal sequencing (performed at the Protein Chemistry Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston), which yielded the sequence AVISVNTVVDAKNGNADLVQGKFY. An oligonucleotide probe (5′-GGIAAYGCIGAYCTIGTICAGGG-3′), designed on the basis of the N-terminal sequence and codon usage by R. albus (codon usage database [www.kazusa.or.jp/codon ]), was synthesized and 5′ digoxigenin labeled by Sigma-Genosys. The probe hybridized to a 1-kb HincII fragment of the R. albus 7 chromosome. HincII fragments of approximately 1 kb were cloned into the pGEM-3Z vector by using standard protocols (21), and two positive clones were detected by Southern hybridization screening. Sequencing data showed that the two cloned fragments were identical but opposite in orientation. A partial open reading frame (ORF) was present in the cloned sequence, designated albB, that encoded 16 amino acids (aa) (DAKNGNADLVQGKFY) matching the peptide sequence obtained by N-terminal sequencing (AVISVNTVVDAKNGNADLVQGKFY).

Because the cloned sequence did not contain the nucleotide sequence for the first 9 aa, gene-walking PCR (18) was performed (using primers described in Table 2) to obtain the 5′ sequence of albB. This procedure yielded a total of 284 nucleotides of sequence upstream of the cloned region. Sequencing revealed an ORF for albB predicted to encode a 336-aa protein. This protein has a predicted cleavage site between Ala (position 46) and Ala (position 47) that would yield a mature bacteriocin with predicted molecular mass of 32,168 Da and a predicted pI of 7.70. The amino acid composition of the putative mature 290-aa bacteriocin displayed a relatively hydrophilic content, with 24 (8.3%) acidic (D and E), 28 (9.7%) basic (K and R), 83 (28.6%) hydrophobic (A, I, F, L, W, and V), and 105 (36.2%) polar (N, C, Q, S, T, and Y) residues. On the basis of its size, its relatively hydrophilic character, and its pI near neutrality, albusin B appears to belong to class III of the bacteriocins defined by Klaenhammer (12).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
TABLE 2.

Primers used for gene-walking PCRa

Leader peptides are common for bacteriocins from gram-positive bacteria (7), and there is a predicted 46-aa leader peptide preceding the N terminus of the putative mature albusin B. For smaller bacteriocins such as lantibiotics (the class I bacteriocins described by Klaenhammer [12]), the leader peptide sequences are generally shorter (24 to 30 aa) (7). There are no generalized lengths for the leader peptide from larger class III bacteriocins (7). Possible functions of the leader peptide include stabilizing a prepeptide during translation, keeping the molecule biologically inactive against the producing strain, maintaining the specific conformation of the prepeptide during processing, and assisting with the translocation of the prepeptide by specific transport systems (8).

The AGGAAG sequence preceding the translation start by seven nucleotides represents a likely ribosome-binding site, as is typically found in gram-positive bacteria (15). Putative promoter TAAACT (−10) and TAAAAT (−35) regions were found, with 16 bp between them, which is 1 bp less than the consensus distance, and they differ considerably from the consensus sequences TATAAT (−10) and TTGACA (−35). A similar putative promoter sequence was reported in an endoglucanase gene from R. albus AR67 (26), but this promoter was shown to be functional in E. coli and not in R. albus AR67. Other studies of RNA transcribed in E. coli have also shown the occurrence of multiple transcription initiation sites for genes from the ruminal bacteria Prevotella ruminicola (14) and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (13).

A BLAST search (2) revealed that the deduced mature protein sequence encoded by albB from R. albus 7 displayed 69% identity to the amino acid sequence predicted from two segments of the unfinished genome of R. albus 8 (Fig. 2). The latter, preliminary sequence data were obtained from The Institute of Genomic Research website (www.tigrblast.tigr.org/ufmg ). The N-terminal region (aa 1 to 158) of the deduced AlbB protein sequence displayed 27% identity and 46% similarity to a C-terminal region of LlpA, a recently described bacteriocin (putidacin) from a strain of Pseudomonas putida isolated from the rhizospheres of banana plants (19) (Fig. 2). The llpA gene product has not been purified, but the gene has been heterologously expressed in E. coli, resulting in bacteriocin activity in the recombinant strain. Similarities between AlbB and LlpA include size (290 and 276 aa, respectively), sensitivity to heat, relatively hydrophilic character, and the presence of putative mannose-binding domains. Significant alignments (22 to 27% identity) between the N-terminal region of AlbB and a number of lectins and proteins known to bind mannose were also obtained. The sequence similarities of both AlbB and LlpA to these lectins appear to be localized in discrete regions, the so-called monocot mannose binding lectin domains (19). Such domains have been identified in a variety of functionally different proteins produced by phylogenetically diverse, primarily gram-negative bacteria (see reference 19 for a discussion).

FIG. 2.
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
FIG. 2.

Multiple alignment of the predicted amino acid sequence of the albB gene product from R. albus 7 with those of a C-terminal portion of LlpA (a 30-kDa bacteriocin encoded by llpA from Pseudomonas sp. strain BW11M1; GenBank accession no. AY118112 ) (19) and two putative AlbB homologs predicted from the unfinished genome of R. albus 8. Numbers above the sequence indicate the total number of residues. The predicted amino acid sequences for R. albus 8 are from contigs of the unfinished genome obtained from the TIGR website (see the text). Amino acid identity and similarity (1) are indicated with black and gray shading, respectively.

Because weak sequence similarity was noted between AlbB and mannose-binding proteins, and because mannose is a major component of the glycocalyces of both R. albus 7 and R. flavefaciens FD-1 (27), attempts were made to determine if the inhibitory activity of albusin B could be attenuated by exposure to mannose or to glucomannan, a plant polysaccharide containing a backbone of mannosyl units. Neither d-mannose nor Salep glucomannan (0.2 mg/ml, the latter generously provided by J. M. Hackney [5]) attenuated the inhibitory activity of R. albus extracts in the plate culture assay, and the activity of purified albusin B (15 μg) was not removed by exposure to 4 mg of d-mannose or glucomannan. Likewise, Parret et al. (19) have reported that LlpA does not bind mannose. While the importance, if any, of the putative mannose-binding domains in these bacteriocins remains unclear, it appears that these two proteins represent a previously unrecognized group of antimicrobial proteins. Although there are substantial differences between the two bacteriocins (e.g., the lack of a leader sequence in LlpA), their presence in two phylogenetically distant bacterial species from very different environments suggests that this group of bacteriocins may have wide taxonomic distribution.

Purification of only three ruminal bacteriocins has been reported (10, 11, 30), all from noncellulolytic species. All are relatively small (<10-kDa), membrane-active proteins that appear to belong to class I or II, as defined by Klaenhammer (12). Albusin B, the inhibitory agent described in this study, has a relatively high molecular mass (>30 kDa), is relatively hydrophilic, and has a narrow range of antibacterial activity-characteristics typical of class III bacteriocins (12). Albusin B from R. albus 7 resembles the unpurified bacteriocins from R. albus strains 7, MO2a, and MO3g (3) in that they are all heat labile. A BLAST search of the unfinished genome of a related strain, R. albus 8, revealed two sequences similar to that of albB from R. albus 7. The R. albus 8 albB homologs have similar-sized ORFs, and their amino acid sequence identity with albB was 69%, much higher than the similarities of albusin B with mannose-binding proteins. R. albus 8 has been reported to produce a bacteriocin-like agent that inhibits R. flavefaciens FD-1 (16). Although this agent has not been purified, it appears to differ from albusin B described here in that it is heat stable. Thus, the preliminary genomic data suggest that R. albus 8 produces an additional, possibly heat-labile bacteriocin similar to AlbB produced by R. albus 7.

It is widely believed that bacteriocins can have a significant impact on microbial populations in natural environments, and bacteriocins have been suggested as an alternative to the use of antibiotics in animal agricultural operations (9, 20, 24, 29). The former notion is based primarily upon laboratory studies with defined mixed cultures. No experimental data have yet related bacteriocin production and the population sizes of individual bacteriocin-producing species to those of competing, bacteriocin-sensitive species. R. albus has been shown to be more abundant than R. flavefaciens in defined mixed culture on cellulosic substrates in both batch (17) and continuous (4) culture modes. R. albus has also been shown to be more abundant than R. flavefaciens in both the ovine (25) and bovine (28) rumen. Because R. albus has a lower maximum growth rate and poorer affinity for cellodextrin products of cellulose hydrolysis (23), the ability of this species to produce bacteriocins might be expected to play a major role in determining its success against R. flavefaciens in the rumen. However, the relative population sizes of R. albus and R. flavefaciens in the bovine rumen are closely correlated with one another (28), suggesting that both species have a preference for similar environmental conditions in the dynamic ruminal environment. Further research is necessary to determine if albusin B (or any other bacteriocin) in the rumen is present at concentrations sufficient to provide a selective advantage to R. albus in vivo, either in the rumen as a whole or in microenvironments near its site of production.

Nucleotide sequence accession number.

The complete albB sequence has been deposited in the GenBank database under accession number AF469209 .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by project 3655-21000-033-00D of the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Funding for the R. albus genome sequencing effort is provided by the U.S. Department of Agriculture through a grant to the North American Consortium for Genomics of Fibrolytic Rumen Bacteria.

We thank M. A. Cotta and B. A. Dehority for bacterial strains; C. L. Odt for technical assistance; and H. Goodrich-Blair, W. R. Kenealy, D. A. Kunz, J. B. Russell, and H. J. Strobel for useful discussions. We also thank A. H. A. Parret and R. DeMot for communicating results prior to publication and for useful suggestions.

Mention of specific commercial products is for informational purposes only and does not imply an endorsement or warranty of these products over other products not mentioned.

FOOTNOTES

    • Received 12 November 2003.
    • Accepted 2 February 2004.
  • Copyright © 2004 American Society for Microbiology

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    Altschul, S. F. 1991. Amino acid substitution matrices from an information theoretic perspective. J. Mol. Biol.219:555-565.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  2. 2.↵
    Altschul, S. F., T. L. Madden, A. A. Schäffer, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, W. Miller, and D. J. Lipman. 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res.25:3389-3402.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  3. 3.↵
    Chan, W. W., and B. A. Dehority. 1999. Production of Ruminococcus flavefaciens growth inhibitor(s) by Ruminococcus albus. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol.77:61-71.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  4. 4.↵
    Chen, J., and P. J. Weimer. 2001. Competition among three predominant ruminal cellulolytic bacteria in the absence or presence of non-cellulolytic bacteria. Microbiology147:21-30.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. 5.↵
    Hackney, J. M., R. H. Atalla, and D. L. van der Hart. 1994. Modification of crystallinity and crystalline structure of Acetobacter xylinum cellulose in the presence of water-soluble β-1,4-linked polysaccharides. Int. J. Biol. Macromol.16:215-218.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. 6.↵
    Hungate, R. E. 1966. The rumen and its microbes. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
  7. 7.↵
    Jack, R. W., J. R. Tagg, and B. Bay. 1995. Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol. Rev.59:171-200.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. 8.↵
    James, F., C. Lazdunski, and F. Pattus (ed.). 1992. Bacteriocins, microcins and lantibiotics. Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y.
  9. 9.↵
    Kalmokoff, M. L., F. Bartlett, and R. M. Teather. 1996. Are ruminal bacteria armed with bacteriocins? J. Dairy Sci.79:2297-2306.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  10. 10.↵
    Kalmokoff, M. L., D. Lu, M. F. Whitford, and R. M. Teather. 1999. Evidence for production of a new lantibiotic (Butyrivibriocin OR79A) by the ruminal anaerobic Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens OR79: Characterization of the structural gene encoding butyrivibriocin OR79A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.65:2128-2135.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. 11.↵
    Kalmokoff, M. L., and R. M. Teather. 1997. Isolation and characterization of a bacteriocin (butyrivibriocin AR10) from the ruminal anaerobe Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens AR10: evidence in support of the widespread occurrence of bacteriocin-like activity among ruminal isolates of B. fibrisolvens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.63:394-402.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  12. 12.↵
    Klaenhammer, T. R. 1993. Genetics of bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev.12:9-86.
    OpenUrl
  13. 13.↵
    Lin, L.-L., E. Rumbak, H. Zappa, J. A. Thomson, and D. R. Woods. 1990. Cloning, sequencing and analysis of expression of a Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens gene encoding a β-glucosidase. J. Gen. Microbiol.136:1567-1576.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. 14.↵
    Matsushita, O., J. B. Russell, and D. B. Wilson. 1990. Cloning and sequencing of a Bacteroides ruminicola B14 endoglucanase gene. J. Bacteriol.172:3620-3630.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  15. 15.↵
    McLaughlin, J. R., C. L. Murray, and J. C. Rabinowitz. 1981. Unique features in the ribosome binding site sequence of the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus β-lactamase gene. J. Biol. Chem.256:11283-11291.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. 16.↵
    Odenyo, A. A., R. I. Mackie, D. A. Stahl, and B. A. White. 1994. The use of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes to study competition between ruminal fibrolytic bacteria: development of probes for Ruminococcus species and evidence for bacteriocin production. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.60:3688-3696.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  17. 17.↵
    Odenyo, A. A., R. I. Mackie, D. A. Stahl, and B. A. White. 1994. The use of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes to study competition between ruminal fibrolytic bacteria: pure-culture studies with cellulose and alkaline peroxide-treated wheat straw. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.60:3697-3703.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    Parker, J. D., P. S. Rabinovitch, and G. C. Burmer. 1991. Targeted gene walking polymerase chain reaction. Nucleic Acids Res.19:3055-3060.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  19. 19.↵
    Parret, A. H. A., G. Schoofs, P. Proost, and R. DeMot. 2003. Plant lectin-like bacteriocin from a rhizosphere-colonizing Pseudomonas isolate. J. Bacteriol.185:897-908.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  20. 20.↵
    Russell, J. B. 1984. Factors influencing competition and composition of the rumen bacterial flora, p. 313-345. In F. M. C. Gilchrist and R. I. Mackie (ed.), Herbivore nutrition in the subtropics and tropics. The Science Press, Craighall, South Africa.
  21. 21.↵
    Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, N.Y.
  22. 22.↵
    Shi, Y., C. L. Odt, and P. J. Weimer. 1997. Competition for cellulose among three predominant ruminal cellulolytic bacteria under substrate-excess and substrate-limited conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.63:734-742.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  23. 23.↵
    Shi, Y., and P. J. Weimer. 1996. Utilization of individual cellodextrins by three predominant ruminal cellulolytic bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.62:1084-1088.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  24. 24.↵
    Teather, R. M., and R. J. Forster. 1998. Manipulating the rumen microflora with bacteriocins to improve ruminant production. Can. J. Anim. Sci.78:57-69.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  25. 25.↵
    Van Gylswyk, N. O. 1970. The effect of substituting a low-protein hay on the cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen of sheep and on the digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose. J. Agric. Sci. (Cambridge)74:169-180.
    OpenUrl
  26. 26.↵
    Vercoe, P. E., and K. Gregg. 1995. Sequence and transcriptional analysis of an endoglucanase gene from Ruminococcus albus AR67. Anim. Biotechnol.6:59-71.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  27. 27.↵
    Weimer, P. J., A. H. Conner, and L. F. Lorenz. 2003. Solid residues of Ruminococcus cellulose fermentations as components of wood adhesive formulations. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.63:29-34.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  28. 28.↵
    Weimer, P. J., G. C. Waghorn, C. L. Odt, and D. R. Mertens. 1999. Effect of diet on population of three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci.82:122-134.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  29. 29.↵
    Wells, J. E., D. O. Krause, T. D. Callaway, and J. B. Russell. 1997. A bacteriocin-mediated antagonism by ruminal lactobacilli against Streptococcus bovis. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.22:237-243.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  30. 30.↵
    Whitford, M. F., M. A. McPherson. R. J. Forster, and R. M. Teather. 2001. Identification of bacteriocin-like inhibitors from rumen Streptococcus spp. and isolation and characterization bovicin 255. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.67:569-574.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
PreviousNext
Back to top
Download PDF
Citation Tools
Albusin B, a Bacteriocin from the Ruminal Bacterium Ruminococcus albus 7 That Inhibits Growth of Ruminococcus flavefaciens
Junqin Chen, David M. Stevenson, Paul J. Weimer
Applied and Environmental Microbiology May 2004, 70 (5) 3167-3170; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.5.3167-3170.2004

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Print

Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email

Thank you for sharing this Applied and Environmental Microbiology article.

NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Albusin B, a Bacteriocin from the Ruminal Bacterium Ruminococcus albus 7 That Inhibits Growth of Ruminococcus flavefaciens
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Applied and Environmental Microbiology
(Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Applied and Environmental Microbiology.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Share
Albusin B, a Bacteriocin from the Ruminal Bacterium Ruminococcus albus 7 That Inhibits Growth of Ruminococcus flavefaciens
Junqin Chen, David M. Stevenson, Paul J. Weimer
Applied and Environmental Microbiology May 2004, 70 (5) 3167-3170; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.70.5.3167-3170.2004
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Top
  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • Nucleotide sequence accession number.
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

KEYWORDS

bacteriocins
rumen
Ruminococcus

Related Articles

Cited By...

About

  • About AEM
  • Editor in Chief
  • Editorial Board
  • Policies
  • For Reviewers
  • For the Media
  • For Librarians
  • For Advertisers
  • Alerts
  • RSS
  • FAQ
  • Permissions
  • Journal Announcements

Authors

  • ASM Author Center
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Article Types
  • Ethics
  • Contact Us

Follow #AppEnvMicro

@ASMicrobiology

       

ASM Journals

ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology.

About ASM | Contact Us | Press Room

 

ASM is a member of

Scientific Society Publisher Alliance

 

American Society for Microbiology
1752 N St. NW
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 737-3600

Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology | Privacy Policy | Website feedback

 

Print ISSN: 0099-2240; Online ISSN: 1098-5336