Article Figures & Data
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Thirty-nine M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis wildlife isolates by site, species, and sample type
Site Species Sample type(s)a Ileum MLN Liver Fecal GI tract G1 Raccoon + − − − na Cottontail + − − − na Armadillo + + + − na Cotton rat na na na na + Opossum − + − − na Opossum − − − + na G2 Raccoon − + − − na G5 Armadillo − − − + na Armadillo − − − + na W1 Shrew − − + − na Sparrow na na na na + Feral catb + + − + na Snipe na na na na + W2 Norway rat na na na na + Starling na na − na + Starling na na + na − Starling na na + na − Starling na na − na + Feral cat + + − − na Raccoon − + − − na Raccoon + + − − na Raccoon − − − + na Raccoon − + − − na W3 Raccoon − + − + na Starling na na − na + Starling na na − na + Starling na na − na + W4 Raccoon + + − + na Pocket gopher na na na na + Skunk − + − − na Study totals 7 11 4 7 10 ↵ a The full gastrointestinal (GI) tract was homogenized, and three aliquots were incubated for small mammals or birds. In some cases, separate liver samples were collected (e.g., starling). Specimens were collected either as pooled gastrointestinal tract (ileum, mesenteric lymph node [MLN], liver, and feces not collected separately [na]) or as the individual tissues and feces (gastrointestinal tract not pooled [na]).
↵ b Two lymph node samples were incubated, and isolates were obtained from both.
- TABLE 2.
Total number of infected animals by species
Species No. of animals Prevalence (%) Infected Sampled Armadillo 4 23 17.4 Feral cat 2 18 11.1 Hispid cotton rat 1 41 2.4 Eastern cottontail 1 56 1.8 Opossum 2 54 3.7 Raccoon 8 42 19.0 Norway rat 1 4 25.0 Southeastern shrew 1 4 25.0 Striped skunk 1 10 10.0 Common snipe 1 1 100 House sparrow 1 60 1.7 European starling 7 40 17.5 - TABLE 3.
M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from free-ranging wildlife in Wisconsin
Parameter Farm W1 W2 W3 W4 Farm type/herd size Dairy/70 Dairy/1,400 Dairy/396 Dairy/50 Herd prevalencea (%) 17.7 10.3 13.5 2.0 No. of wild animals sampled 77 120 101 109 No. of samples collected 323 462 370 367 % Contaminatedb 5.3 8.7 8.1 0.8 No. of positive samplesd 6 12 5 5 No. of positive animalsd 4 10 4 3 Infection prevalence (%) 5.2 8.3 4.0 2.7 No. of animals sheddingc 1 1 1 1 - TABLE 4.
M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from free-ranging wildlife in Georgia
Parameter Farm G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 Farm type/herd size Beef/740 Dairy/430 Dairy/140 Beef/21 Beef/69 Herd prevalencea (%) 1.6 7.4 0.0 9.1 10.1 No. of wild animals sampled 100 48 63 56 100 No. of samples collected 268 198 240 142 382 % Contaminatedb 0.7 6.1 4.6 3.5 11.0 No. of samples positived 8 1 0 0 2 No. of animals positived 6 1 0 0 2 Infection prevalence (%) 6.0 2.1 0 0 2.0 No. of animals sheddingc 1 0 0 0 2 ↵ a G1 values were determined by ELISA; G3 to G5 values were determined by individual fecal culture; G2 values were determined by fecal pools of five. A value of 7.4% represents eight positive pools of five cows from a total of 108 pools and assumes one positive cow per pool.
↵ b Lost due to overgrowth of nonmycobacterial organisms.
↵ c M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated from fecal samples.
↵ d See Table 3, footnote d.
- TABLE 5.
Wildlife M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates by short-sequence repeat genotype
G-GGT pattern Species (farm of origin) 13G-5GGT Starling (W2), raccoon (W4) 12G-5GGT Norway rat (W2)a, starling (W3) 15G-5GGT Shrew (W1), starling (W2 and W2) 14G-5GGT Cat (W3, W3, and W3), raccoon (W2), starling (W3), snipe (W1) 7G-5GGT/10G Cat (W2), raccoon (W2, W3, and W4), starling (W3), opossum (G1), cotton rat (G1), cow (G2) 14G-3GGT Cat (W2) 2GC4G-3GGT Skunk (W4) 7G-3GGT Armadillo (G1) 7G-6GGT Starling (W2) 7G-4GGT Cat (W2), raccoon (G2), armadillo (G1) 8G-4GGT Armadillo (G1) ↵ a No GGT data for this isolate.
