Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
Methods used for banknote inoculation and subsequent virus isolation. (a) Portions (50 μl) of a viral suspension are deposited on a predefined area of banknotes and allowed to dry for different periods of time. (b) After 1 h of incubation at room temperature, the liquid has evaporated, but a trace remains quite visible (arrow). (c) A standardized piece of banknote containing viral particles is cut from a banknote. (d) Viral particles are collected from the piece of banknote by immersion in a tube containing cell culture medium, and after 10 min the eluate is inoculated onto a cell culture.
- FIG. 2.
Duration of infectiousness of four different influenza virus subtypes after inoculation onto banknotes at room temperature. The following viral suspensions were used in triplicate for each experiment: influenza A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) virus (H1NC) at a concentration of 2.8 × 105 TCID50/ml; influenza B/Hong Kong/335/2001 virus (BHK) at a concentration of 1.6 × 104 TCID50/ml; influenza A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2) virus (H3Mos) at a concentration of 8.9 × 106 TCID50/ml; and influenza A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2) virus (H3Wis) at a concentration of 5 × 104 TCID50/ml.
- FIG. 3.
Duration of infectiousness according to the size of the initial inoculum and the presence or absence of mucus. Influenza A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2) virus was deposited in triplicate on banknotes at the following concentrations, each in the presence (H3m) or absence (H3) of respiratory mucus: (A) 8.9 × 105 TCID50/ml; (B) 4.4 × 105 TCID50/ml; (C) 2.2 × 105 TCID50/ml; (D) 1.1 × 105 TCID50/ml. (E) Similarly, influenza B/Hong Kong/335/2001 virus was deposited at a concentration of 3.2 × 103 TCID50/ml in the presence (Bm) or absence (B) of respiratory mucus.
- FIG. 4.
Persistence of infectiousness over time of influenza virus-positive respiratory secretions. Fourteen influenza A (H3N2) virus culture-positive human secretions detected during the 2006-2007 winter season were directly deposited on banknotes and tested for persistence of influenza virus infectiousness after 24 and 48 h.
- FIG. 5.
Influenza A virus genome persistence on banknotes. Influenza A/Moscow/20/99 (H3N2) (H3Mos) and influenza A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) (H1NC) virus RNA were quantified (see Materials and Methods) and expressed as a proportion of the initial amount of RNA present in the inoculum. The bars indicate the standard deviations calculated for triplicates.
