Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
(a, b) Linear discriminant analysis of the NSP fractions and TRFs (a) and gene copies for bacterial groups (b): cellulose (CEL; •), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC; Ο), low-viscosity oat β-glucan (LG; ▵), and high-viscosity oat β-glucan (HG; ▾). (c) Loading plot showing the correlations among gene copies for bacterial groups in feces, E. coli virulence factors in feces, butyryl-coenzyme A (CoA) CoA transferase and butyrate kinase in feces, fecal SCFA and ileal flow, and disappearance of fermentable substrate in the large intestines of the first two eigenvalues (PC 1 and PC 2). 1, Lactobacillus spp.; 2, Enterococcus spp.; 3, Bifidobacterium spp.; 4, Streptococcus spp.; 5, Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas; 6, Clostridium cluster XIVa; 7, Clostridium cluster IV; 8, Clostridium cluster I; 9, Enterobacteriaceae; 10, total bacteria; 11, butyryl-CoA CoA transferase; 12, butyrate kinase; 13, EAST1; 14, STa; 15, STb; 16, LT; 17, acetate; 18, propionate; 19, iso-butyrate; 20, butyrate; 21, isovalerate; 22, valerate; 23, caproate; 24, total SCFA; 25, ileal flow of dry matter; and 26, postileal dry-matter disappearance.
- FIG. 2.
Gene copy numbers for butyryl-coenzyme A (CoA) CoA-transferase and butyrate kinase in feces of pigs fed diets supplemented with cellulose (white bars), carboxymethylcellulose (light gray bars), low-viscosity oat β-glucan (dark gray bars), or high-viscosity oat β-glucan (black bars). The detection limit was 4 log10 gene copies/g (wet weight).
- FIG. 3.
Gene copy numbers for virulence factors (heat-stable enterotoxins [STa and STb], heat-labile enterotoxin [LT] of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, and heat-stable enterotoxin [EAST1] of enteroaggregative E. coli) in feces of pigs fed diets supplemented with cellulose (white bars), carboxymethylcellulose (light gray bars), low-viscosity oat β-glucan (dark gray bars), or high-viscosity oat β-glucan (black bars). The detection limit was 3 log10 gene copies/g (wet weight).
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Oligonucleotide primers used to profile intestinal samples
Targeted bacterial group (primer size [bp]) Orientationa Primer sequence (5′-3′) Annealing temp (°C) Reference Domain bacteria (200) F CGGYCCAGACTCCTACGGG 60 19 R TTACCGCGGCTGCTGGCAC Lactobacillus spp. (341) F AGCAGTAGGGAATCTTCCA 62 46 R CACCGCTACACATGGAG 14 Enterococcus spp. (144) F CCCTTATTGTTAGTTGCCATCATT 60 39 R ACTCGTTGTACTTCCCATTGT Bifidobacterium spp. (243) F TCGCGTCYGGTGTGAAAG 60 39 R CCACATCCAGCRTCCAC Streptococcus spp. (485) F AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG 60 33 R GTTAGCCGTCCCTTTCTGG 10 Clostridium cluster XIVa (438-441) F AAATGACGGTACCTGACTAA 60 28 R CTTTGAGTTTCATTCTTGCGAA Clostridium cluster IV (130) F GCACAAGCAGTGGAGT 60 29 R CTTCCTCCGTTTTGTCAA Clostridium cluster I (120) F ATGCAAGTCGAGCGAKG 60 39 R TATGCGGTATTAATCTYCCTTT Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas (140) F GGTGTCGGCTTAAGTGCCAT 60 39 R CGGAYGTAAGGGCCGTGC Enterobacteriaceae family (195) F CATTGACGTTACCCGCAGAAGAAGC 63 4 R CTCTACGAGACTCAAGCTTGC Butyryl-CoA CoA transferase (530) F GCIGAICATTTCACITGGAAYWSITGGCAYATG 53 24 R CCTGCCTTTGCAATRTCIACRAANGC Butyrate kinase (301) F GTATAGATTACTIRYIATHAAYCCNGG 53 26 R CAAGCTCRTCIACIACIACNGGRTCNAC STa (193) F ATGAAAAAGCTAATGTTGGC 56 13 R TACAACAAAGTTCACAGCAG STb (204) F AATATCGCATTTCTTCTTGC 56 13 R GCATCCTTTTGCTGCAAC LT (291) F CTATTACAGAACTATGTTCGG 56 13 R TACTGATTGCCGCAATTG EAST1 (109) F TGCCATCAACACAGTATATCC 56 13 R GCGAGTGACGGCTTTGT ↵ a F, forward; R, reverse.
- TABLE 2.
Characteristics of ileal effluent, feces, and fecal SCFA of pigs fed diets supplemented with viscous and fermentable nonstarch polysaccharide fractionsa
Characteristic Value for indicated supplement P Low fermentability High fermentability Pooled (SEM) Low-viscosity CEL High-viscosity CMC Low-viscosity LG High-viscosity HG Dry-matter content (g/kg [wet wt]) Ileal effluent 145† 55§ 86‡ 88‡ 5.5 0.001 Feces 573† 268‡ 571† 554† 30.0 <0.001 Ileal flow rate (g/kg dry-matter intake) Dry matter 308† 165§ 242‡ 277†‡ 17.4 <0.001 Crude protein 42†‡ 26§ 39‡ 47† 2.0 <0.001 Rate of postileal dry-matter disappearance (g/kg dry matter intake) 129† 23‡ 102† 126† 20.3 0.010 SCFA concn in feces (μmol/g [wet wt]) Total 61† 28‡ 69† 64† 6.9 0.005 Acetate 43† 19‡ 42† 41† 4.9 0.015 Propionate 9† 5‡ 10† 9† 1.2 0.038 Butyrate 5† 1‡ 7† 5† 0.9 0.004 Isobutyrate 1.4‡ 0.7§ 2.8† 2.3† 0.22 <0.001 Valerate 1.1‡ 0.5§ 2.1† 1.5‡§ 0.19 <0.001 Isovalerate 2.3‡ 1.1‡ 4.6† 3.6† 0.47 <0.001 Caproate 0.2†‡ 0.2‡ 0.4† 0.3† 0.06 0.159 ↵ a Data are presented as least-square means (n = 8). Values within a row not having the same symbol are significantly different (P < 0.05). CEL, cellulose; CMC, carboxymethylcellulose.
- TABLE 3.
Species richness levels and Shannon and Simpson indices of diversity as calculated from normalized TRFLP profiles for ileal effluents and feces of pigs fed diets supplemented with viscous and fermentable nonstarch polysaccharide fractionsa
Characteristic Value for indicated supplement P Low fermentability High fermentability Pooled (SEM) Low-viscosity CEL High-viscosity CMC Low-viscosity LG High-viscosity HG Ileal effluent Species richness 3.50 4.25 3.50 5.00 1.78 0.288 Shannon index 0.23 0.42 0.29 0.43 0.20 0.160 Simpson index 0.26 0.50 0.35 0.48 0.23 0.156 Feces Species richness 11.60 16.25 13.67 15.14 4.19 0.277 Shannon index 0.68 0.98 0.80 0.90 0.21 0.086 Simpson index 0.65 0.83 0.72 0.79 0.12 0.076 ↵ a Data are presented as least-square means (n = 8). CEL, cellulose; CMC, carboxymethylcellulose.
- TABLE 4.
Bacterial groups in ileal effluent and feces of pigs fed diets supplemented with viscous and fermentable nonstarch polysaccharide fractionsa
Bacterial group Value for indicated diet P Low fermentability High fermentability Pooled (SEM) Low-viscosity CEL High-viscosity CMC Low-viscosity LG High-viscosity HG Ileal effluent Total bacteria 9.5† 9.8† 8.5‡ 9.6† 0.18 0.001 Lactobacillus spp. 7.9 8.3 7.7 8.3 0.24 0.184 Enterococcus spp. 8.1†‡ 8.0†‡ 7.6‡ 8.5† 0.28 0.227 Streptococcus spp. 8.1† 8.2† 7.8‡ 8.2† 0.08 0.006 Bifidobacterium spp. 6.9 7.1 6.9 7.5 0.37 0.655 Clostridium cluster XIVa 6.8 7.3 6.4 6.9 0.36 0.387 Clostridium cluster IV 5.2 3.0 4.5 5.1 0.94 0.363 Clostridium cluster Ib 6.3 ± 0.34 <2 <2 <2 Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas 5.6 6.3 5.5 6.4 0.35 0.197 Enterobacteriaceae family 8.2‡ 9.1† 7.6§ 8.8†‡ 0.27 0.006 Feces Total bacteria 10.1‡ 11.3† 9.2§ 9.7‡§ 0.25 <0.001 Lactobacillus spp. 6.9† 5.6‡ 6.2†‡ 6.1†‡ 0.41 0.202 Enterococcus spp. 8.1† 6.9‡§ 6.6§ 7.4†‡ 0.29 0.010 Streptococcus spp. 7.8‡ 8.5† 7.4‡ 7.7‡ 0.18 0.004 Bifidobacterium spp. 7.5 7.0 7.2 7.8 0.39 0.525 Clostridium cluster XIVa 7.7‡ 8.7† 6.4§ 7.1‡§ 0.40 0.007 Clostridium cluster IV 7.8† 6.5‡ 6.6‡ 7.1†‡ 0.33 0.059 Clostridium cluster I 7.2† 2.5‡ 3.3‡ 6.5† 0.93 0.005 Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas 8.9‡ 10.5† 8.0§ 8.4‡§ 0.20 <0.001 Enterobacteriaceae family 9.0†‡ 10.3† 7.0§ 7.6‡§ 0.58 0.004 ↵ a Data are presented as least-square means (n = 8). Values are log10 numbers of 16S rRNA gene copies/g (wet weight). Values within a row not having the same symbol are significantly different (P < 0.05). CEL, cellulose; CMC, carboxymethylcellulose.
↵ b The value shown for CEL is the mean ± standard error (SE). The detection limit was 2 log10 16S rRNA gene copies/g (wet weight).
Supplemental material
Files in this Data Supplement:
- Supplemental file 1
-
Diet composition (Table S1) and numbers, sizes, mean contributions of individual TRFs to the total bacterial community,
and closest cultured relatives of TRFs found in the distal ileum (Table S2) and feces (Table S3) of pigs fed diets supplemented
with viscous and fermentable nonstarch polysaccharide fractions.
Microsoft Word document, 194K.
- Supplemental file 1
-
Diet composition (Table S1) and numbers, sizes, mean contributions of individual TRFs to the total bacterial community,
and closest cultured relatives of TRFs found in the distal ileum (Table S2) and feces (Table S3) of pigs fed diets supplemented
with viscous and fermentable nonstarch polysaccharide fractions.
