Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG. 1.
DNA fingerprinting of VanA-type VRE (E. faecalis and E. faecium strains) isolated from retail domestic poultry samples. Isolated genomic DNA of each isolate was digested with SmaI and subjected to PFGE. Lane 1, E. faecalis Ha8; lane 2, E. faecalis Ha16; lane 3, E. faecalis Ha36; lane 4, E. faecalis Ha55; lane 5, E. faecalis Ha58; lane 6, E. faecalis Ha61; lane 7, E. faecium Ha20; lane 8, E. faecium Ha26; lanes M, XbaI-digested PFGE patterns of DNA size standard Salmonella enterica serovar Braenderup H9812. Numbers to the left of the gel image indicate the molecular size in kilobase pairs.
- FIG. 2.
Growth curves of E. faecalis Ha8 (A) and E. faecium Ha20 (B) cultured in BHI broth incubated at either 35°C (▪) or 42°C (○). Results obtained from three independent experiments are presented as means ± standard deviations.
- FIG. 3.
Growth curves of background microflora and suspected enterococcal strains in three different poultry samples cultured in BPW incubated at either 35°C or 42°C. ▴, background microflora; □, suspected enterococcal strains. Solid lines show the data for incubation at 35°C, and dotted lines show those for incubation at 42°C.
Tables
- TABLE 1.
Characteristics of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal strains isolated from domestic poultry samples in this study
Strain no. Enterococcus species Vancomycin resistance gene MIC (μg/ml) Enrichment tempa (°C) Isolation date Vancomycin Teicoplanin Ha8 E. faecalis vanA >256 >256 42 October 2008 Ha16 E. faecalis vanA >256 >256 42 October 2008 Ha36 E. faecalis vanA >256 >256 42 March 2009 Ha55 E. faecalis vanA >256 128 42 April 2009 Ha58 E. faecalis vanA >256 32 35 April 2009 Ha61 E. faecalis vanA >256 256 35/42 April 2009 Ha20 E. faecium vanA >256 32 42 November 2008 Ha26 E. faecium vanA >256 32 35/42 December 2008 ↵ a Abbreviations: 35, a strain isolated only from BPW enrichment culture incubated at 35°C; 42, a strain isolated only from BPW enrichment culture incubated at 42°C; 35/42, a strain isolated from BPW enrichment culture incubated at 35°C and 42°C.
- TABLE 2.
Comparison of vanA gene detection by colony-sweep PCR after enrichment incubation with BPW at 35°C and 42°C
Inoculum strain Inoculum dose (CFU/25 g) No. of positive samples/no. of samples tested with incubation temp: 35°C 42°C E. faecalis Ha8 300-310 2/3 3/3 E. faecalis Ha16 130-600 2/3 3/3 E. faecalis Ha36 100-290 1/3 2/3 E. faecalis Ha55 630-1,400 2/3 3/3 E. faecalis Ha58 260-660 2/3 3/3 E. faecalis Ha61 780-1,700 2/3 3/3 E. faecium Ha20 260-450 0/3 2/3 E. faecium Ha26 350-510 0/3 0/3 Total 11/24 19/24
