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Public Health Microbiology

Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria Resistant to Metallic Copper Surfaces

Christophe Espírito Santo, Paula Vasconcelos Morais, Gregor Grass
Christophe Espírito Santo
1Instituto do Mar (IMAR-CMA), 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
3School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Paula Vasconcelos Morais
1Instituto do Mar (IMAR-CMA), 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
2Department of Biochemistry, FCTUC, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
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Gregor Grass
3School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
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  • For correspondence: ggrass2@unl.edu
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01952-09
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    FIG. 1.

    Relative abundances of bacteria isolated from copper coins and their resistance to metallic copper surfaces. The relative abundances of 294 bacterial strains isolated from European copper coins at time zero and the relative abundances of copper surface-resistant isolates after exposure to experimental pure metallic copper surfaces for 1, 2, and 7 days are shown.

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  • TABLE 1.

    Strains isolated from copper coins

    SpeciesFamilyNo. of isolatesNo. of isolates surviving at day:
    127
    Brachybacterium conglomeratum Dermabacteraceae 2111
    Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis 2000
    Agrococcus jenensis Microbacteriaceae 1000
    Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens 2000
    Frigoribacterium faeni 1000
    Microbacterium insulae, Microbacterium lacticum, Microbacterium oxydans, Microbacterium ulmi 4100
    Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus lylae Micrococcaceae 592385
    Pseudoclavibacter helvolus 1100
    Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus, Arthrobacter oxydans 2000
    Kocuria marina, Kocuria palustris, Kocuria rhizophila, Kocuria sp.10410
    Aeromicrobium sp. Nocardioidaceae 1000
    Propioniferax innocua Propionibacteriaceae 1000
    Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus benzoevorans, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus insolitus, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus macroides, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus nealsonii, Bacillus phychrodurans, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus silvestris, Bacillus simplex, Bacillus sp., Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus weihenstephanensis Bacillaceae 50000
    Paenibacillus cineris, Paenibacillus favisporus, Paenibacillus rhizosphaerae Paenibacillaceae 1000
    Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Lysinibacillus sphaericus Planococcaceae 1100
    Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus equorum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus pasteuri, Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus vitulinus, Staphylococcus warneri Staphylococcaceae 11527110
    Leuconostoc citreum Leuconostocaceae 2100
    Brevundimonas bullata Caulobacteraceae 4000
    Roseomonas pecunia Acetobacteraceae 1000
    Sphingomonas panni, Sphingomonas sp. Sphingomonadaceae 2110
    Cupriavidus metallidurans Burkholderiaceae 1000
    Massilia aurea, Massilia timonae Oxalobacteraceae 2000
    Enterobacter cowanii Enterobacteriaceae 1100
    Erwinia persicina 1100
    Pantoea agglomerans, Pantoea ananatis, Pantoea stewartii, Pantoea vagans 13500
    Acinetobacter iwoffii, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter ursingii Moraxellaceae 4100
    Moraxella osloensis 2100
    Psychrobacter faecalis 3100
    Pseudomonas asplenii, Pseudomonas fragi, Pseudomonas oleovorans, Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonadaceae 5110
    Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Xanthomonadaceae 1000
  • TABLE 2.

    Resistance of representative copper coin isolates to dry or moist copper surfaces and ionic copper

    Type or control strain or coin isolateaSurvival time on:MIC (mM CuCl2)
    Dry copper surfacesMoist copper surfaces
    Escherichia coli W3110b>30 s>1 h3.5
    Pantoea stewartii DSM 30176>30 s>48 h1.5
    P. stewartii L10>24 h>1 h4.5
    Acinetobacter johnsonii DSM 6963>1 min>1 h2.5
    A. johnsonii L18>24 h>1 h3.0
    Pseudomonas oleovorans DSM 1045>30 s>1 h2.5
    P. oleovorans L19>48 h>24 h3.5
    Sphingomonas panni DSM 15761>48 h>48 h2.0
    S. panni R65P>48 h>1 h0.75
    Staphylococcus haemolyticus DSM 20263>1 h>3 h3.5
    S. haemolyticus L70>48 h>3 h2.0
    Staphylococcus epidermidis DSM 20044>1 h>1 h1.0
    S. epidermidis L77>24 h>24 h1.5
    Staphylococcus warnerii DSM 20316>1 min>1 h2.5
    S. warnerii L47>48 h>24 h2.0
    Brachybacterium conglomeratum DSM 10241>10 min>1 h0.5
    B. conglomeratum N96>7 days>1 h0.5
    Micrococcus luteus DSM 20030>3 h>24 h2.0
    M. luteus L51>48 h>3 h1.5
    Kocuria marina JCM 13363>48 h>1 h2.0
    K. marina L73>24 h>24 h2.0
    K. palustris R40>48 h>1 h0.75
    • ↵ a In each group, the first strain is a type or control strain and the second and/or third strain is a coin isolate.

    • ↵ b Lab strain of E. coli, included as an example of a copper-sensitive bacterium.

Additional Files

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    Files in this Data Supplement:

    • Supplemental file 1 - Antibiotics used for the BioMérieux antibiotic disk assay (Table S1) and resistances of staphylococcal copper coin isolates to antibiotics in the BioMérieux antibiotic disk assay (Table S2).
      MS Word document, 352K.
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Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria Resistant to Metallic Copper Surfaces
Christophe Espírito Santo, Paula Vasconcelos Morais, Gregor Grass
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2010, 76 (5) 1341-1348; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01952-09

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Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria Resistant to Metallic Copper Surfaces
Christophe Espírito Santo, Paula Vasconcelos Morais, Gregor Grass
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2010, 76 (5) 1341-1348; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01952-09
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KEYWORDS

Anti-Infective Agents
copper
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-Positive Bacteria

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