EDITOR IN CHIEF (2016)
Harold L. Drake
University of Bayreuth
EDITORS
Johanna Björkroth, Editor(2018)
University of Helsinki
Axel A. Brakhage, Editor(2016)
HKI and University of Jena
Daniel Cullen, Editor (2017)
USDA Forest Products Laboratory
Christopher A. Elkins, Editor (2018)
U.S. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Marie A. Elliot, Editor (2019)
McMaster University
Heidi Goodrich-Blair, Editor(2017)
University of Wisconsin—Madison
Mansel W. Griffiths, Editor (2015)
University of Guelph
Robert M. Kelly, Editor(2017)
North Carolina State University
Maia Kivisaar, Editor (2017)
Tartu University
Joel E. Kostka, Editor (2016)
Georgia Institute of Technology
Shuang-Jiang Liu, Editor (2016)
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Frank E. Löffler, Editor (2018)
University of Tennessee
Charles R. Lovell, Editor (2015)
University of South Carolina
George T. Macfarlane, Editor (2016)
University of Dundee
Volker Müller, Minireview Editor(2019)
Goethe University Frankfurt am Main
Hideaki Nojiri, Editor (2017)
The University of Tokyo
Rebecca E. Parales, Editor (2016)
University of California—Davis
M. Julia Pettinari, Editor (2016)
University of Buenos Aires
Donald W. Schaffner, Editor (2015)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Patrick D. Schloss, Editor and Cover Editor (2019)
University of Michigan
Janet L. Schottel, Editor (2018)
University of Minnesota
Alfred M. Spormann, Editor (2016)
Stanford University
Gerrit Voordouw, Editor (2017)
University of Calgary
K. Eric Wommack, Editor (2017)
University of Delaware
Thomas E. Shenk, Chairman, Journals Board
Barbara M. Goldman, Director, Journals
Barbara S. Slinker, Production Editor
Stephanie L. D'Agostino, Assistant Production Editor
Michael E. Lerman, Assistant Production Editor
EDITORIAL BOARD
Adly Abd-Alla (2015)
Luis A. Actis (2014)
Warish Ahmed (2016)
Birgit E. Alber (2016)
Gladys Alexandre (2015)
Kevin J. Allen (2015)
Eric Altermann (2015)
Gary L. Andersen (2016)
Matthew J. Arduino (2016)
Arthur I. Aronson (2015)
Fred O. Asiegbu (2016)
Haruyuki Atomi (2016)
Shota Atsumi (2015)
Brian Austin (2016)
Beate Averhoff (2016)
Abdu F. Azad (2016)
M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril (2015)
Reha O. Azizoglu (2015)
Charles W. Bacon (2015)
Michael Bagdasarian (2015)
Petr Baldrian (2016)
Jeffrey Banas (2015)
Ravi D. Barabote (2015)
Jeri D. Barak (2016)
Florian F. Bauer (2015)
Gwyn A. Beattie (2014)
Jorge A. Benitez (2016)
Teresa M. Bergholz (2015)
Stefan Bertilsson (2015)
Thomas Besser (2016)
Arvind A. Bhagwat (2015)
Valeria Bianciotto (2015)
Kelly A. Bidle (2016)
Linda F. Bisson (2016)
Christopher Blackwood (2016)
Melanie Blokesch (2016)
Paul L. Bodelier (2015)
Eckhard Boles (2015)
Matthias Boll (2015)
Daniel R. Bond (2015)
James Borneman (2014)
Albert Bosch (2015)
Peter Bottomley (2015)
Kostas Bourtzis (2015)
Harald Bruessow (2016)
Harry Brumer (2014)
Alison Buchan (2014)
Robert L. Buchanan (2015)
Wolfgang Buckel (2016)
Daniel H. Buckley (2014)
William Burkhardt (2015)
Helen Y. Buse (2016)
Douglas R. Call (2016)
Amy Callaghan (2015)
Terri A. Camesano (2015)
Barbara J. Campbell (2016)
Isaac K. O. Cann (2015)
Michelle Q. Carter (2015)
Rick Cavicchioli (2016)
Shane M. Ceraul (2015)
Woo-Suk Chang (2015)
Jinru Chen (2014)
Shicheng Chen (2014)
Wilfred Chen (2015)
Yi Chen (2014)
Yuhuan Chen (2015)
Michael L. Chikindas (2016)
Ludmila Chistoserdova (2015)
Kuang-Ren Chung (2014)
Jeffrey D. Cirillo (2014)
John D. Coates (2016)
Luca Cocolin (2016)
Doug Cossar (2015)
Paul D. Cotter (2016)
Don A. Cowan (2015)
Alison M. Cupples (2016)
Holger Daims (2015)
Rolf Daniel (2015)
Steven L. Daniel (2014)
Michelle Danyluk (2016)
Svetlana Dedysh (2015)
Zixin Deng (2016)
Angelo DePaola, Jr. (2015)
Mickaël Desvaux (2015)
Ronald P. de Vries (2014)
Thomas J. DiChristina (2015)
Francisco Diez-Gonzalez (2016)
Lubbert Dijkhuizen (2016)
Alan A. DiSpirito (2014)
Jayna L. Ditty (2016)
Jan Dolfing (2015)
James S. G. Dooley (2015)
Angela E. Douglas (2016)
Charles M. Dozois (2016)
Irina S. Druzhinina (2015)
Doris d'Souza (2014)
Edward Dudley (2015)
Alain C. Dufour (2016)
Jonathan Dworkin (2014)
Daniel C. Eastwood (2014)
Leo Eberl (2014)
Elizabeth A. Edwards (2016)
Henry L. Ehrlich (2015)
Patrick Y. Eichenberger (2015)
Mostafa Elshahed (2015)
David Emerson (2015)
Slava Epstein (2016)
Danilo Ercolini (2015)
Seamus Fanning (2015)
Babu Z. Fathepure (2016)
J. Christopher Fenno (2016)
Matthew W. Fields (2014)
Martin Filion (2015)
Steven E. Finkel (2016)
Steven Foley (2014)
Philipp Franken (2015)
Michael W. Friedrich (2015)
Cormac Gahan (2015)
Victor P. J. Gannon (2016)
Michael G. Gänzle (2016)
Rebecca Gast (2014)
Beilei Ge (2016)
Elke Genersch (2015)
Terry J. Gentry (2014)
Johannes Gescher (2015)
Lutz Geue (2016)
Emanuel Goldman (2016)
Mark Gomelsky (2014)
Ramon Gonzalez (2016)
Lawrence Goodridge (2015)
Lisa A. Gorski (2015)
Joerg Graf (2014)
Jeffrey Gralnick (2015)
Stefan J. Green (2014)
Leslie Gregg-Jolly (2014)
Richard L. Gregory (2015)
Yitzhak Hadar (2016)
Jan O. Haerter (2015)
Thomas E. Hanson (2015)
Eiji Haramoto (2015)
Hauke Harms (2016)
Steven Harris (2014)
Valerie J. Harwood (2015)
Annele I. Hatakka (2016)
Paul B. Hatzinger (2015)
Ji-Zheng He (2014)
Qiang He (2016)
Zhili He (2016)
Brian Hedlund (2014)
Henry S. Heine (2015)
Hermann J. Heipieper (2014)
Niels B. Hendriksen (2015)
Laura Hendrix (2015)
Ute Hentschel (2015)
Salvador Herrero (2015)
Paul S. Hoffman (2015)
Dirk Hoffmeister (2015)
Andrew J. Holmes (2016)
Allen L. Honeyman (2015)
Dallas G. Hoover (2015)
David J. Hopper (2016)
Marcus A. Horn (2014)
John A. Hudson (2014)
Jeroen Hugenholtz (2015)
Hor-Gil Hur (2015)
Michael R. Hyman (2016)
Michael F. Hynes (2016)
Kiyohiko Igarashi (2016)
Michele M. Igo (2015)
Ralph W. Jack (2015)
Paul J. Jackson (2015)
Mohamed A. Jamal (2015)
Edward L. Jarroll (2015)
Thomas W. Jeffries (2014)
Dieter Jendrossek (2015)
Paul R. Jensen (2014)
Ian Jenson (2014)
Nianzhi Jiao (2014)
Zackary I. Johnson (2015)
Yves Jouanneau (2015)
Juan L. Jurat-Fuentes (2015)
Boran Kartal (2014)
Matthias Kästner (2016)
James E. Keen (2016)
John J. Kelly (2015)
William Kenealy (2015)
Eungbin Kim (2015)
James E. Kirby (2016)
Arnulf Kletzin (2016)
Martin G. Klotz (2014)
Leon D. Kluskens (2016)
Kalmia E. Kniel (2014)
Steffen Kolb (2014)
Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis (2015)
Shige Koseki (2015)
Balasubrahmanyam Kottapalli (2014)
George Kowalchuk (2015)
Sven Krappmann (2015)
Lee R. Krumholz (2015)
Indira T. Kudva (2016)
Ursula Kües (2016)
Timothy M. LaPara (2015)
Robert A. LaRossa (2015)
Luis Larrondo (2014)
Peter C. K. Lau (2015)
Jared R. Leadbetter (2015)
Jeffrey T. LeJeune (2015)
Paulo C. Lemos (2015)
Tine R. Licht (2014)
Steven Lindow (2016)
John T. Lisle (2015)
Wenjun Liu (2016)
Xueduan Liu (2016)
Karen Lloyd (2015)
Martin J. Loessner (2015)
John C. Londesborough (2015)
Alexander Loy (2014)
Yahai Lu (2016)
Petra Luber (2014)
Tillmann Lueders (2015)
Yanhe Ma (2016)
Sandra Macfarlane (2014)
Robert L. Mach (2015)
Eugene L. Madsen (2015)
Mike Manefield (2014)
Maria L. Marco (2015)
Helene Marquis (2015)
Matthew J. Marshall (2016)
Phyllis A. W. Martin (2014)
Stephen Martin (2015)
Alfredo Martinez (2016)
Jan Martinussen (2014)
Emma Master (2015)
Timothy E. Mattes (2014)
Ann G. Matthysse (2015)
Andrew J. McBain (2015)
Timothy R. McDermott (2015)
Michael J. McInerney (2016)
James McKinlay (2015)
Robert J. McLean (2015)
Brian B. McSpadden-Gardener (2016)
Rainer U. Meckenstock (2015)
Richard J. Meinersmann (2015)
Aubrey F. Mendonca (2015)
John S. Meschke (2014)
Chris H. Miller (2015)
Patricia D. Millner (2015)
Debra L. Milton (2016)
Kiwamu Minamisawa (2015)
Rodney A. Moxley (2016)
Jochen A. Mueller (2015)
Yuji Nagata (2015)
Cindy H. Nakatsu (2016)
Josh D. Neufeld (2014)
Nancy Nichols (2015)
Brendan A. Niemira (2015)
Pablo I. Nikel (2016)
R. Sean Norman (2015)
Kevin P. O'Connell (2014)
Julie B. Olson (2015)
Huub Op den Camp (2015)
Ronald S. Oremland (2015)
Konstantinos Papadimitriou (2016)
Ilenys M. Perez-Diaz (2015)
Gregg S. Pettis (2014)
Jennifer Pett-Ridge (2015)
Laurent Philippot (2014)
Allen T. Phillips (2015)
Carmen Pin (2015)
James L. Pinckney (2014)
Antonio G. Pisabarro (2014)
Mircea Podar (2014)
David L. Popham (2015)
Rolf Prade (2015)
M. Auxiliadora Prieto (2015)
James I. Prosser (2014)
Cheryl L. Quinn (2015)
Ralf Rabus (2014)
Andreja Rajkovic (2015)
Gemma Reguera (2015)
Bernd H. Rehm (2015)
Gregor Reid (2015)
Christian Riedel (2015)
Kirsti M. Ritalahti (2015)
Daniel D. Rockey (2016)
Jorge L. M. Rodrigues (2016)
David Rodrígues-Lázaro (2015)
Wilfred F. M. Röling (2016)
Margie F. Romine (2014)
Thomas Ross (2016)
Michael J. Sadowsky (2016)
Daâd A. Saffarini (2014)
Maria Sandkvist (2015)
Robert A. Sanford (2015)
Anderson S. Sant'Ana (2015)
Sima Sariaslani (2015)
Brian D. Sauders (2016)
Bernhard Schink (2015)
John W. Schmidt (2016)
Monika Schmoll (2014)
Dirk Schüler (2015)
Wolfgang H. Schwarz (2016)
Lynne Sehulster (2016)
Bernhard Seiboth (2014)
Verena Seidl (2015)
Jeremy D. Semrau (2014)
Peter Setlow (2015)
Joshua D. Shrout (2015)
Mark W. Silby (2015)
Simon D. Silver (2014)
Mitchell H. Singer (2014)
Steven W. Singer (2015)
Brajesh K. Singh (2016)
David R. Singleton (2015)
Matthias Sipiczki (2016)
Kaarina Sivonen (2014)
Panos N. Skandamis (2016)
Evan Skowronski (2015)
Joan L. Slonczewski (2014)
J. Leif Smith (2016)
Helena Solo-Gabriele (2015)
Andrew J. Spiers (2016)
Stephen Spiro (2016)
Eric V. Stabb (2016)
Alfons J. M. Stams (2016)
Thaddeus B. Stanton (2015)
Lisa Y. Stein (2016)
Alexander Steinbüchel (2014)
Ivo Steinmetz (2016)
Roger Stephan (2014)
Ann M. Stevens (2016)
Brian Stevenson (2016)
George C. Stewart (2015)
John F. Stolz (2016)
Wolfgang R. Streit (2015)
Joseph M. Sturino (2016)
Garret Suen (2016)
Matt D. Sweeney (2016)
Ralph S. Tanner (2014)
Gerald W. Tannock (2014)
Sam R. Telford (2015)
Andreas P. Teske (2015)
Michael G. Thomas (2015)
Kai M. Thormann (2015)
Thomas Thurnheer (2015)
Nicolas Toro Garcia (2014)
Effie Tsakalidou (2016)
Masataka Tsuda (2015)
Wouter R. van der Star (2014)
Paul W. van der Wielen (2014)
Tina K. Van Dyk (2015)
Jan D. van Elsas (2016)
Michael L. Vasil (2016)
Marco Ventura (2015)
Claire Vieille (2015)
Dmitriy V. Volokhov (2015)
Julia A. Vorholt (2015)
Stéphane Vuilleumier (2015)
Irene Wagner-Döbler (2014)
S. Aljoscha Wahl (2015)
Judy D. Wall (2015)
R. John Wallace (2016)
Todd J. Ward (2016)
Keith Warriner (2014)
J. Scott Weese (2015)
Helge Weingart (2015)
Alan Welman (2015)
Tingyi Wen (2015)
Volker F. Wendisch (2015)
Giovanni Widmer (2016)
Steven W. Wilhelm (2015)
David B. Wilson (2016)
Charles F. Wimpee (2014)
Regina-Michaela Wittich (2014)
Gideon M. Wolfaardt (2016)
Randy W. Worobo (2016)
Qinglong Wu (2015)
Xiao-Lei Wu (2016)
Chuanwu Xi (2014)
Hua Xiang (2015)
Lihua Xiao (2015)
Luying Xun (2015)
Jagjit S. Yadav (2014)
S. Steve Yan (2016)
X. Frank Yang (2015)
Yunfeng Yang (2015)
Suleyman Yildirim (2014)
Daniel R. Zeigler (2015)
Jill Zeilstra-Ryalls (2014)
Karsten Zengler (2014)
Chuanlun Zhang (2015)
Qijing Zhang (2014)
Wei Zhang (2015)
Yu-Zhong Zhang (2014)
Ning-Yi Zhou (2015)
Erik R. Zinser (2016)
Erwin G. Zoetendal (2015)
Angeles Zorreguieta (2016)
Sergey B. Zotchev (2015)
Peter A. Zuber (2014)
Applied and Environmental Microbiology (ISSN 0099-2240), a publication of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM), 1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036-2904, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of applied knowledge as well as ecological knowledge, both applied and fundamental, concerning microorganisms. Instructions to Authors can be found at http://journalitas.asm.org/t/49536 and are updated throughout the year. Applied and Environmental Microbiology is published twice monthly, one volume per year. Nonmember print subscription prices (per year) are: $1,820, U.S.; $1,929, Canada (plus GST/HST where applicable); $1,960, Europe; $2,008, Latin America; $2,014, rest of world. Member print subscription prices (per year) are: $339, U.S.; $430, Canada (plus GST/HST where applicable); $445, Europe; $482, Latin America; $487, rest of world. Single copies are: $100, nonmember; $50, member (Canadians add GST/HST where applicable). For prices of electronic versions or for correspondence relating to subscriptions, defective copies, missing issues, and availability of back issues, contact the Subscriptions Unit, ASM (asmjournals{at}subscriptionoffice.com). Correspondence relating to reprint orders should be directed to ASM Author Services (ASM.AuthorServicesSupport{at}cenveo.com), and correspondence relating to disposition of submitted manuscripts, proofs, and general editorial matters should be directed to the Journals Department, American Society for Microbiology, 1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036-2904. Phone: (202) 737-3600 (see http://journals.asm.org/site/misc/staffcontacts.xhtml).
Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months after publication of the issues; residents of all other countries must submit claims within 6 months of publication of the issues. Claims for issues missing because of failure to report an address change or for issues “missing from files” will not be allowed.
Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC 20036, and at additional mailing offices.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Applied and Environmental Microbiology, ASM, 1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036-2904.
Made in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper. mCODEN: AEMIDF
doi:10.1128/AEM.masthead.80-21
Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
The code at the bottom of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article may be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale.
- Copyright © 2014, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.