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Food Microbiology | Spotlight

Destruction of the Capsid and Genome of GII.4 Human Norovirus Occurs during Exposure to Metal Alloys Containing Copper

C. S. Manuel, M. D. Moore, L. A. Jaykus
K. E. Wommack, Editor
C. S. Manuel
Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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M. D. Moore
Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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L. A. Jaykus
Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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K. E. Wommack
Roles: Editor
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DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00388-15
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ABSTRACT

Human norovirus (HuNoV) represents a significant public health burden worldwide and can be environmentally transmitted. Copper surfaces have been shown to inactivate the cultivable surrogate murine norovirus, but no such data exist for HuNoV. The purpose of this study was to characterize the destruction of GII.4 HuNoV and virus-like particles (VLPs) during exposure to copper alloy surfaces. Fecal suspensions positive for a GII.4 HuNoV outbreak strain or GII.4 VLPs were exposed to copper alloys or stainless steel for 0 to 240 min and recovered by elution. HuNoV genome integrity was assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) (without RNase treatment), and capsid integrity was assessed by RT-qPCR (with RNase treatment), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), SDS-PAGE/Western blot analysis, and a histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) binding assay. Exposure of fecal suspensions to pure copper for 60 min reduced the GII.4 HuNoV RNA copy number by ∼3 log10 units when analyzed by RT-qPCR without RNase treatment and by 4 log10 units when a prior RNase treatment was used. The rate of reduction of the HuNoV RNA copy number was approximately proportional to the percentage of copper in each alloy. Exposure of GII.4 HuNoV VLPs to pure-copper surfaces resulted in noticeable aggregation and destruction within 240 min, an 80% reduction in the VP1 major capsid protein band intensity in 15 min, and a near-complete loss of HBGA receptor binding within 8 min. In all experiments, HuNoV remained stable on stainless steel. These results suggest that copper surfaces destroy HuNoV and may be useful in preventing environmental transmission of the virus in at-risk settings.

FOOTNOTES

    • Received 4 February 2015.
    • Accepted 11 May 2015.
    • Accepted manuscript posted online 15 May 2015.
  • Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00388-15.

  • Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The authors have paid a fee to allow immediate free access to this article.

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Destruction of the Capsid and Genome of GII.4 Human Norovirus Occurs during Exposure to Metal Alloys Containing Copper
C. S. Manuel, M. D. Moore, L. A. Jaykus
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2015, 81 (15) 4940-4946; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00388-15

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Destruction of the Capsid and Genome of GII.4 Human Norovirus Occurs during Exposure to Metal Alloys Containing Copper
C. S. Manuel, M. D. Moore, L. A. Jaykus
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2015, 81 (15) 4940-4946; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00388-15
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