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Public and Environmental Health Microbiology

Culture-Independent Evaluation of Nonenveloped-Virus Infectivity Reduced by Free-Chlorine Disinfection

Daisuke Sano, Takatomo Ohta, Arata Nakamura, Toyoko Nakagomi, Osamu Nakagomi, Satoshi Okabe
C. A. Elkins, Editor
Daisuke Sano
aDivision of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Takatomo Ohta
aDivision of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Arata Nakamura
aDivision of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Toyoko Nakagomi
bDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Osamu Nakagomi
bDepartment of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Satoshi Okabe
aDivision of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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C. A. Elkins
Roles: Editor
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DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03802-14
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ABSTRACT

The inability of molecular detection methods to distinguish disinfected virions from infectious ones has hampered the assessment of infectivity for enteric viruses caused by disinfection practices. In the present study, the reduction of infectivity of murine norovirus S7-PP3 and mengovirus vMC0, surrogates of human noroviruses and enteroviruses, respectively, caused by free-chlorine treatment was characterized culture independently by detecting carbonyl groups on viral capsid protein. The amount of carbonyls on viral capsid protein was evaluated by the proportion of biotinylated virions trapped by avidin-immobilized gel (percent adsorbed). This culture-independent approach demonstrated that the percent adsorbed was significantly correlated with the logarithm of the infectious titer of tested viruses. Taken together with the results of previous reports, the result obtained in this study indicates that the amount of carbonyls on viral capsid protein of four important families of waterborne pathogenic viruses, Astroviridae, Reoviridae, Caliciviridae, and Picornaviridae, is increased in proportion to the received oxidative stress of free chlorine. There was also a significant correlation between the percent adsorbed and the logarithm of the ratio of genome copy number to PFU, which enables estimation of the infectious titer of a subject virus by measuring values of the total genome copy number and the percent adsorbed. The proposed method is applicable when the validation of a 4-log reduction of viruses, a requirement in U.S. EPA guidelines for virus removal from water, is needed along with clear evidence of the oxidation of virus particles with chlorine-based disinfectants.

FOOTNOTES

    • Received 19 November 2014.
    • Accepted 6 February 2015.
    • Accepted manuscript posted online 13 February 2015.
  • Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03802-14.

  • Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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Culture-Independent Evaluation of Nonenveloped-Virus Infectivity Reduced by Free-Chlorine Disinfection
Daisuke Sano, Takatomo Ohta, Arata Nakamura, Toyoko Nakagomi, Osamu Nakagomi, Satoshi Okabe
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Mar 2015, 81 (8) 2819-2826; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03802-14

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Culture-Independent Evaluation of Nonenveloped-Virus Infectivity Reduced by Free-Chlorine Disinfection
Daisuke Sano, Takatomo Ohta, Arata Nakamura, Toyoko Nakagomi, Osamu Nakagomi, Satoshi Okabe
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Mar 2015, 81 (8) 2819-2826; DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03802-14
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